Unit V - AP World History Test Study Flashcards

What is the main idea of enlightenment principles?

• reason and logic to understand the world

• have individual rights - natural rights

• challenge traditional beliefs - monarchies

• the social contract - govt. runs from the consent of the government

  • people have to sacrifice some of their rights in return for order and protection

• Church and state should be separated - drawing a line between political and religious authority

  • From a test question

    • legal equality

    • political equality

    • popular sovereignty

What are natural laws?

Natural laws are universal principles governing human behavior, based on reason and observable patterns

What are the natural rights that John Locke stated?

life, liberty and estate

What are the foundational principles of the new United States of America after the Declaration of Independence?

liberty, equality and democracy

What was the Haitian Revolution?

Successful slave revolt

• led by enslaved africans + Toussaint Louverature

• againts french colonial rule

What is the difference between the liberal beliefs and the conservative beliefs?

Common theme that is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

• the idea of natural rights

• equality

• popular sovereignty

• right to overthrow the government if it is tyrannical

Who was Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations)?

• founder of the modern political economy

• The main figure in the Scottish Enlightenment

• Wealth of nations

• Laissez- faire - minimal government intervention in the economy

  • based on the idea that individuals pursuing their interests will benefit society

• Capitalism

• Free and open market (determined by supply and demand)

Who was John Stuart Mill?

• Found laissez-faire to be inhumane to workers

• tried to get social reforms passed

• Labor unions, child labor laws, laws ensuring safe working conditions

• Utilitarianism - “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”

• Did not want to end capitalism but wanted to address growing problems

Who is Karl Marx?

• Founded Marxism

  • Talks about the struggle between the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) and the proletariat (the working class)

  • Is driving the world behind human history and class struggles

  • Says to transition to communism by a worker revolution

  • have a classless society

    • Communist Manifesto

      • outlines the principles of communism

      • critiques capitalism

      • calls for the working class to unite against the “B“ to achieve a classless society through revolutionary movements

      • It is considered the foundational text for socialist movements worldwide

What are the two purposes of a colony?

1) To serve as a market for your goods

2) Provide cheap, raw materials

What are some factors that led to the growth in the European railroad network around 1850?

• Industrialization

• Improvements in the steam engine tech

• Government support (due to the potential for economic development)

• Urbanization (growth of cities)

• Ability to connect major industrial centers (wider customer bases = More $$)

• Technology diffusion

Reasons for the Industrial Revolution starting in Great Britain

• proximity to waterways

• access to rivers and canals

• the geographic distribution

What is the Cottage System?

• work at home

• the cotton weaving thing

• but too slow - and less profits for the owner

What is the Factory System?

• work with machines

• people became overworked

• dangerous conditions

• long days

• child labor

• women serving in 2 roles - domestic and work

• repetitive factory life

• new classes - working and aristocrats

• BUT IN THE END - OWNERS MADE MORE PROFIT

Leaders of Latin American independence movements

creoles

What is Manifest Destiny?

• influenced westward expansion

• The U.S was destined to expand across the North American Continent

  • was often invoked to justify U.S annexations

What was the Ghost Dance Movement?

• NA spiritual movement

• was made based on the belief that European settlers would be driven away

• Goal = Revive traditional ways of life, including the return of the buffalo, and the spirits of deceased ancestors

• Consequences - The Bureau of Indian Affairs considered these dancers a threat and ordered the arrest of the Sitting Bull

What was the goal of the Seneca Falls Convention

demanded equal political and economic rights for women in the U.S

Outcome of the Opium War

• Treaty of Nanjing 

• Unequal trade

• Britain gets considerable trading rights with the Chinese

• 1843 - Britain gets Hong Kong

• 1833 - Christian missionaries return to China

• huge embarrassment for the Chinese

  • led to the Taiping rebellion

    • showed that China was crumbling from within

      • Tried the SELF -STRENGTHING MOVEMENT

        • Chinese govt. tried to institute reforms to regain control (failed)

        • ended up losing Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam

Issues facing the Russian, Ottoman, and Qing Empires and Tokugawa Japan

• struggled to keep up with the modern world

• Russia was falling behind in industrialization, had a weak economy, and kept losing wars because its army was outdated. 

• The Ottoman Empire was losing land to revolts and wars, had bad leaders, and its economy and military were no match for Europe. 

• The Qing Empire was beaten by foreign powers in the Opium Wars, and huge problems, such as the Taiping Rebellion and weak rulers, made it worse. 

• Tokugawa Japan stayed isolated for too long, so their army and economy were outdated, and they had to open up to foreign powers, which caused big changes at home. 

• They all had trouble modernizing and staying strong.

Opium Wars

• The conflict between China and Western powers

• they fought over the opium trade which resulted in China being forced to open its ports to Western merchants

Results of the Crimean War

the defeat of the Russian empire

Tanzimat Reforms

• made to modernize the empire and make it more competitive with other nations

• also made to preserve the empire

• to reorganize the Ottoman Empire on enlightenment and constitutional forms

Count Sergei Witte’s economic modernization program

• focused on making Russia stronger and more industrialized

• expanded railways, especially the Trans-Siberian Railway, to connect the country and boost trade 

• pushed for growth in industries like coal, steel, and oil to modernize Russia’s economy

• Since the country didn’t have enough money, he brought in foreign loans and investments to fund these changes

• In 1897, he introduced the gold standard to stabilize Russia’s currency and improve its trade with other nations. His plan aimed to drag Russia into the modern industrial world.

Tokugawa Japan before Matthew Perry

• isolated due to the policy of seclusion from the Tokugawa shogunate

• military government

• economic focus (through agriculture)

Factors that led to the Taiping Rebellion

• A lot of hardship

• corruption within the Qing Dynasty

• Anti-Manchu settlement

• influence of Christian ideologies - Hong Xiquan = younger brother of Jesus

• unequal treaties and the opium war - led to discontent

Similarities between the Japanese and Russian Industrial process

• did industrialization rapidly due to Western pressure

• adopted Western tech to modernize economies

• focused on military development

• labor exploitation during the initial stages

What is the Boxer Rebellion?

• Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers)

• Chinese peasant uprising against the Chinese government

• Anti-Qing, anti-European, and anti-Christian

• Goal: To drive out the Europeans and Japanese

• The rebellion was successful at first but was eventually crushed by Europeans

• Humiliating defeat again for the Chinese government

• Chinese culture started to crumble

• 1901 - foot binding was abolished

• 1905 - The Chinese Examination System was eliminated

• By 1911, the government was toppled and imperial rule came to an end

• The Republic of China was born

Egypt Under the Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans controlled it from the 1500s, but local leaders, especially the Mamluks, ran the show. Later, in the 1800s, Muhammad Ali came in, kicked the Mamluks out, and turned Egypt into his own mini-empire while still acting like he was loyal to the Ottomans. He modernized Egypt by building up the army, improving farming, and starting new industries. Even though Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire, it was basically doing its own thing by the 19th century.

Chinese Self Strengthening Movement

• Chinese govt. tried to institute reforms to regain control (failed)

• ended up losing Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam

The White Man’s Burden by Rudyard Kipling

• talks about colonization of the world by European and North American powers

  • says it is a humanitarian mission

• says imperialism is good and it is a way to civilize the natives

• also warns about the loss of life and native resistance though

What is Social Darwanism?

• some people are just better

• “survival of the fittest”

• relates his theory of evolution to human societies

• those who are stronger or more advanced are naturally destined to dominate others

• used to justify racism and social inequalities

Technologies that allowed colonial expansion into the interior of Africa and Asia

maxim guns, steamships, railroads, canals, telegraph

What is the “Civilizing Mission”?

• Western is more advanced than local

• going to civilize these people

• Ex. Berlin Conference

What is the Sepoy Rebellion?

• Indian soldiers who fight as the army of the British East India Company

  • Causes

    • Overseas travel

    • Remarriage

    • Rifles

  • Mistrust of British

    • Sepoys killed British troops, women, and children

    • Cawnpore (400 British troops and several hundred civilians surrender)

    • British Response (Cawnpore)

  • Results

    • Neither side trusted the other

    • 1858 - British Crown takes control of India (Viceroy)

    • Massive troop occupation

    • Indians were heavily taxed (American colonists)

    • New educational system (English)

    • Built roads, canals, universities, medical centers, postal service, and railroads

    • Policies hurt Indian local industry (cotton textiles)

    • Massive famine

    • Racism

What is the Carlisle Indian School

• example from the civilizing mission

Settler Colony

• The number of European settlers outnumber the indigenous pop.

  • New Zealand

  • North America

  • Australia

Non- settler colony

• The Indigenous population outnumbers the European settler

  • Middle East

  • Pacific Islands

  • India

  • Africa