AP Biology units 1 + 2

Tyrosine Kinases

Enzymes use ATP; transfer phosphate to proteins; cell cell communication

Capsule is in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, or bacteria"?

Bacteria

Capsules

Slimy outer layer, protects cells, made of polysaccharide (sugar), prevents host from detection

Lysosomes

Digest waste, recycle

Lysosomes in animal or plant

animal cells

Peroxisomes eukaryotic or prokaryotic

eukaryotic

peroxisomes function

organelles that detoxify, breakdown fatty acids for mitochondria

MItochondria function

Produce ATP from glucose; cellular respiration- takes oxygen & produces energy; controls cell apoptosis, growth, division

Contractile vacuoles function

Organelles for osmoregulation; controls water balance; pumps water out to prevent lysing

Turgor

pressure inside central vacuole from water pushing

Cellulose function

Carb; structural support; in cell walls

Chloroplast function

Photosynthesis

parts of chloroplast

grana (thylakoids), stroma, chlorophyll, double membrane, DNA

Desmosomes plant or animal cells

animal cells

desmosomes function

cell structure; connect filaments between cells; form intercellular connections; stability

plasmodesma plant or animal

Plant cell

Bulk Flow

Large transport of liquid/gas;

Plants: phloem, sugars leave to roots

Animals: blood circulation, airflow

Faciliated diffusion

transport proteins, NO ATP, down concentration gradient, uses cells own kinetic energy

Active vs Faciliated diffusion

active goes aagainst concentration gradient and uses pumps

Phagocytosis

type of endocytosis- vesicle w/ macromolecule merges w/ plasma membrane; lets things in

pinocytosis

type of endocytosis- only fluids inside vesicle

endosymbiosis

cells inside each other in symbiotic relationship.

says eukaryotes formed when a larger prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotes that had specific functions

Plant & animal cells similarities

mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, E.R, golgi, double membrane

Plant only components

Chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

Animal cells only component

Lysosomes

Chloroplast func

photosynthesis; light dependent reactions inside thylakoids where chlorophyll takes sunlight and converts to ATP;

Calvin Cycle- inside stroma, uses ATP to convert carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar, food)

Synthesize amino acids & fatty acids

gas exchange thru stomata

MItochondria func

Apoptosis and oxygen production

Convert glucose into ATP

Apoptosis

why is hydrogen bonding important for waters properties?

Cohesion - hydrogen bonds allow water to stick to itself, also surface tensioin

Adhesion - water sticks to other things bc of hydrogen bonds, also capillary action

High heat capcity- hydrogen bonds must be broken to gain temp.

Density - when water freezes, hydrogen bonds arrange molecules to crystal

Name functionl groups

Hydroxyl (-OH), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (-COOH), Amino group (-NH2), Sulfhydryl (-SH), PHosphate group, Methyl (-CH3)

name the functional group

Hydroxyl

Name the func group

Carbonyl

Carboxyl

Amine

Methyl

phosphate

sulfhydryl

aldehyde

ketone