Thermodynamics
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Flashcards covering key concepts from the Thermodynamics unit in AP Physics 2, based on lecture notes.
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28 Terms
Pressure
Force exerted on a surface per unit area.
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules in a substance.
Root mean-square speed
Somewhat of an average speed of all molecules moving in a substance.
Heat
The transfer of thermal energy between two objects in thermal contact due to a temperature difference.
Thermal Contact
Two objects are in thermal contact if thermal energy can be exchanged between them.
Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects in thermal contact have no net exchange of energy between them.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
Ideal Gas Model - Composition
A large amount of particles travel in random directions at various speeds.
Ideal Gas Model - Distance of Particles
Particles are far apart compared to their size.
Ideal Gas Model - Attractive Force
Particles interact only in collisions (no attractive forces).
Ideal Gas Model - Collisions
Collisions of particles with container walls are perfectly elastic.
Boyle’s Law
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied when temperature is constant.
Charles’ Law
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature when the pressure is constant.
The 3rd Gas Law
The pressure applied is directly proportional to the absolute temperature when volume is constant.
Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT
Total Internal Energy
The combined energy of all the molecules in the system.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
∆U = Q + W
Isobaric Process
Pressure is constant.
Isothermal Process
Temperature is constant.
Isochoric Process
Volume is constant.
Adiabatic Process
No heat enters or leaves the system.
Entropy
The measure of the disorder in a system.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of the universe increases in all natural processes.
Conduction
Heat transferred when two objects in contact have a temperature difference.
Convection
Heat transfer by movement by molecules in a fluid.
Radiation
Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.
Specific Heat
The amount of heat needed to produce a given temperature change in a solid, liquid, or gas, assuming there is no change of state.
Latent Heat
The amount of heat needed to melt or vaporize a substance.
