Biology Mid-Term

molecules

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organism

levels of orginization

DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbs

what makes up the molecular level

cells

What make up the cellular level?

epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue

What make up the tissue level?

all organs

What make up the organ level?

organs

What make up the organ systems?

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What makes up an organism?

composed of cells, organization, reproduce, grow and develop, use energy, respond to a stimulus, adapt

What are the characteristics of life?

adaptation

What is an amoeba pumping out water an example of?

Response

What is a plant bending towards the sunlight and example of?

Reproduction

What is a cat having babies an example of?

cell

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.

genetics

The study of how features are passed to offspring from their parents (heredity)

anatomy

The study of the structure of a body or parts of a body.

physiology

The study of the function of tissue, organs and systems.

molecular biology

The study of chemical reactions in in cells

Taxonomy

The study of the classification of living organisms

ecology

The study of the relationship of living things between each other and their environment

hypothesis

an attempt to explain a set of observations

experiment group

control group

what 2 groups does an experiment have?

experimental: its sprayed

control: not sprayed

constant: temp, water, sunlight, soil

dv: plant growth

effect of bio feritilizer “x” on plant growth

microscope

Produces an enlarged image of a specimen

1500

best light microscope can magnify up to how many times?

resolution

ability to see detail clearly

Body Tube

maintains the proper distance between the eyepiece and the objectives

Revolving nose piece

attached to objective lenses and rotates around

Scanning power lens

4x magnification, shortest lens

Low power lens

10x magnification, medium length lens

an objective lens

athers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image

High power lens

40x magnification, longest lens

an objective lens

stage clips

holds the slide in place on the stage

Diaphragm

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen

light source

provides light and located on the base

ocular lens

10x magnification

eyepiece of microscope

arm

connects the body tube to the base of the microscope

stage

holds the slide

coarse focus

Knob that allows you to make major focusing adjustments. (large knob)

fine focus

Knob that allows you to make fine focusing adjustments. (small knob)

base

supports the microscope

protons, neutrons, electrons

make up the atom

2

How many electrons can the first energy level hold?

The number of protons

What is the atomic number determined by?

the number of protons and neutrons

What is the mass number determined by?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO)

What are 2 inorganic compounds that contain carbon?

Organic

Any compounds containing carbon are?

6

How many electrons does carbon have?

4

How many electrons does carbon have available for bonding?

functional groups

groups of atoms that carry out chemical reactions

COOH

Carboxyl

NH2

amino

PO4

phosphate

OH

hydroxl (alcohol)

monomer

a small building molecule

polymer

more than 1 monomer

dehydration synthesis

How do polymers form?

dehydration synthesis

the process of joining two molecules together by the removal of water

CHO: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what makes up carbohydrates

sucrose

table sugar

polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides

Starch

How plants store excess sugar

Cellulose

Cell wall in plants and fiber in us

Glycogen

How animals store excess sugar

Chitin

Exoskeleton of animal

lipid

fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

saturated fats

Solids at room temperature and do not have double bonds in their fatty acid chains

Peptide bond

links together amino acids

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Peptide bond

forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells

cell theory

all living things are made of cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, cells come from pre-existing cells

parts of the cell membrane

Phospholipid bi layer with proteins embedded in it, and it acts as a semipermeable barrier

cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. Allows certain things in and out

Chromatin

DNA in cell

blueprint

Cytoplasm

Where chemical reactions occur

Ribosomes

Make proteins

on the rough ER and in cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

transports proteins

has ribosomes on it

smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

transports lipids

tubeshaped

Golgi apparatus

Packages and secretes materials

Mitochondria

Coverts food into energy

bean shaped

Lysosomes

Clean up cellular debree

only in animal cells

Cell wall

support structure

plants only

Vacuole

plant only

storage for water

Chloroplasts

where photosynthesis occurs

plant only

Cytoskeleton

Framework, gives an animal cell its 3D shape

animal cell only

Cilia

Short, hair

moves mucus

Flagella

Long, whip like for movement (Only human cell with flagella is sperm cell

nucelus

Control center of the cell, contains chromatin and nucleolus

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

leeuwenhoek

Made the first practical microscope

Hooke

Named cells

Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Virchow

All cells come from pre-exisitng cells

diffusion

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low

osmosis

Diffusion of water

hypotonic solution

the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell

hypertonic solution

the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell

isotonic solution

the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell