AP Human Geography Unit 2

AP Human Geography Unit 2 - The Cultural Landscape

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

cartogram

a map that displays the size of a country according to population rather than land area

census

a complete enumeration of a population

contraception

things that are done to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant

crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

demographic transition

the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

dependency ratio

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

distribution

the arrangement of something across Earth's surface

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

elderly support ratio

the number of working-age people (ages 15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older

epidemiologic transition

the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

epidemiology

the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

health

the overall condition or state of something or someone

health care

the prevention or treatment of illness by doctors, dentists, psychologists, etc.

Industrial Revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

infant mortality rate

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

infrastructure

the equipment and structures, like roads and bridges, that are needed for a country or region to function properly

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

maternal mortality rate

the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)

medical revolution

medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

natural increase rate (NIR)

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

population

the number of people who live in a place

population density

the number of people occupying an area of land

population pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

resources

something a country has and can use to increase its wealth

sex ratio

the number of males per 100 females in the population

total fertility rate

the average number of births a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

total population

the full, comprehensive number of people who live in an area

urbanization

the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas

zero population growth (ZPG)

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero