foreign policy

Key chronology

1487 french invasion of Brittany

1488 Anglo French truce

1489 treaty of Redon between England and Spain + treaty of medina del campo England-Spain

1492 engaldn invades France + treaty of staples England-France

1496 Magnus intercursus Scotland invades England

1497 truce of Acton England Scotland

1501 marriage of Catherine of Aragon and prince arthur

1503 marriage of princess maragaret and James in of Scotland

1504 death of queen isabella of Castile

1506 Philip of burgundy and Humana of Castile In England + malus intercursus + death of Philip of burgundy

Foreign policy aims

National security

Recognition of Tudor interest

Defence of English trading interests

Secure crown

Brittany and France

Fiefdom of France that had enjoyed independence

1487 looked like king of France would gain control of Brittany

1489 Henry summoned parliament to grant extraordinary revenue to raise army against french bc (sense of obligation to Bretons +fear that direct control of Brittany could increase potential french threat to England)

England-Brittany agreed to treaty of Redon 1489 - duchess Anne pay for smack English army to defend. Henry tried to strengthen position by alloaince with emperor Maximilian who had a marriage by proxy with Anne.

English army went to Brittany but Anne surrendered to french and married ming Charles viii-leaving English stranded in Brittany made worse by perkin warbeck seeking french aid and Maximilian losing interest

Invasion of France

1492 launched invasion of France late in campaigning season french quickly sought peace settlement more interested in Italy

Nov 1492 signed treaty of staples Charles viii agreed to withdraw support from perkin war beck and pay pension to Henry to compensate for having to raise an army

Burgundy and Netherlands

Most of England’s expert sets went through Netherlands Antwerp funnel and Bruges (under burgundy jurisdiction)

Margaret widowed Duchess of burgundy ownership of late husbands estate and was sister of Richard iii and leading upholder of Yorkist cause. + her stepson In law was Maximilian wh became holy roman emperor in 1493

1494 Maximilian passed jurisdiction of Netherlands to son Philip

Relations detoriated as Maximilianphilip were hospitable to perkin warbeck

Henry exposed trade embargo with burgundy- putting dynastic interests over trade became unpopular with merchants

1496- warbeck had left burgundy and Intercursus Magnus signed which brought trade embargo to end

1504- part of treaty of Windsor the intercursus malus gave English merchants stronger trading positions in Netherlands (never put into practice) and Philip agreed to hand over earl of Suffolk

Scotland

Who was Spain ruled by

Ferdinand and Isabella

Treaty of medina del campo

1489

1. Offered mutual protection in the event of an attack

2. Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders

3. Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon

Problems with implementation of medina del campo

Arrangements for marriage didn’t go smoothly

Ferdinand reluctant to allow marriage whilst Henry’s dynastic stability threatened by Perkins warbeck

Argued over size of Catherine’s dowry

Arthur and Catherine’s marriage

Finally agreed 1499 took place 1501

But Arthur died 1502 complications with Ferdinand

1. Henry immediately suggested Catherine marry Henry Ferdinand reluctant has little need for English alliance and would need a papal dispensation

2. 1504 Henry lost enthusiasm for marriage, death of Isabella made Ferdinand less significant politically. During succession struggle in Spain between Ferdinand and Juana Henry supported Juana

3. Juana + husband Philip of burgundy set sail for Spain jan 1506 but forced to take refuge in England when ship wrecked at sea

Treaty of Windsor

1506

Philip and Juana stranded in England Henry via took advantage of

1. Intercursus malus (restored trade relations between England-burgundy)

2. Return of earl of Suffolk

3. Proposed marriage alliance between Henry via and Philip’s sister the archduchess Margaret but never happened

4. Henrys recognition of juana and Philip as rulers of Castile

Why did Philip of burgundy’s death prove disastrous for Henry via

Juana said to have gone mad in grief

Frendinad had the opportunity to become regent of Castile again

Leaving Henry diplomatically isolated

Ferdinand ensured that marriage alliance between prince henry and Catherine would not take place in Henry vii’s lifetime

Ireland

Power extended only so far as the pale rest , lay with Anglo Norman barons Fitzgerald most powerful

Earl of Kildare (leader of Fitzgerald) dominat figure, lord deputy of Ireland since 1477- had yorkist sympathies.

1486 Kildare crowned lambert simple king of Ireland and supported perkin warbeck in 1491

Due to Kildare actions Henry tried the costly approach of rule of the pale through an Englishman backed by armed force instead of Irish aristocracy, appointed infant son prince henry as lieutenant if unladen asn sir Edward poundings as his deputy

Poundings initially successful establishing royal authority using force and bribery by requiring Irish parliament to pass Poynings law in 1495 (Irish parliament couldn’t pass any laws without approval of English crown) + attempted to lay down English law in Ireland

Strategy too expensive + exasperated when warbeck returned to Ireland and amassed force besieging town of Waterford in 1495. Henry short on money bc of Scot nvasion forced to recall poynings and rely on Kildare

By 1496 Kildare decided no point in supporting yorkist cause and served Henry loayally by 1500 Henry had achieved some peace by Kildare in charge

Securing the succession

1486 Elizabeth gave birth to Arthur

1491 gave birth to Henry

1502 Arthur dies

1503 Elizabeth of York dies

Henry only a child and earl of Suffolk gaining influence, Henry via needed to survive until Henry viii old enough to rule but has deteriorating health

Growing split between officials associated with council learned in law trying to position themselves for after Henry’s death

Still fears about Suffolk and Richard de la pole

Feb 1509 Henry’s health deteriorated rapidly died 21 April 1509 at first no announcement made. Bishop fox and Richard Weston aided by lady maragaret beaufort sought to position themselves around the new king employ and Dudley excluded

23 April 1509 kings death announced next day Epson and Dudley arrested

Who did princess maragaret marry

James is of Scotland