Exam 2 FSCN 2021

1) Which of the following microorganisms can deliver foreign genes to plants?

C) Agrobacterium tumefaciens

#2) Which of the following bacterial components are targets of microbial control agents?

A) Alteration of membrane permeability

B) Damage to proteins

C) Damage to nucleic acids

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

#3) The effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments depends on which of these?

A) Size of microbial population

B) Biofilms

C) Exposure time

D) Temperature

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

#4) Which of the following can cause mutations in DNA?

A) UV light

B) X rays

C) DNA replication

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

#5) The time needed for a 1 log reduction in a microbial population is called the D value. What percent of exposed bacteria will be killed?

C) 90%

#6) The time during which all cells in a culture are killed is known as the:

B) Thermal death time

#7) Some reasons for the decline in diversity of the human microbiome in people from developed countries include:

A) More births via C-section

B) Overuse of Antimicrobial soaps

C) More processed foods in the diet

D) Kids don't eat dirt anymore

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Which of the following microorganisms with the location they are most commonly found in/on the human body:

8) Staphylococcus epidermis

9) Escherichia coli

10) Helicobacter pylori

11) Streptococcus salivarius

12) Lactobacillus acidophilus

8) skin

9) intestine

10) stomach lining

11) mouth

12) vagina

#13) The human body contains 10 trillion human cells, how many bacterial cells are in the human microbiome?

D) 90 trillion

Which of the following is a bacteriostatic (A) or a bactericidal effect (B) on microorganisms?

graph that goes up and then down after addition of agent=

graph that goes up and then flattens=

bactericidal effect

bacteriostatic

#16) Which one of these is the most resistant to chemical biocides?

D) Prions

#17) Which of the following are food preservatives?

A) Organic acids

B) Sorbate

C) Benzoate

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

D) All of the above

#18) Which of the following can be vectors for infectious diseases?

A) Mosquitos

B) Ticks

C) Fleas

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

#19) Some bacteria produce this enzyme to break down H2O2 to protect themselves from phagocytosis.

B) Catalase

#20) Making up about only 6% of nosocomial infections, this type means that bacteria is present in the blood, but is not currently growing.

A) Bacteremia

#21) This bacteria, when plated onto Mannitol Salt Agar, will result in yellow colonies with yellow zones.

D) Staphylococcus aureus

#22) In Forensic Microbiology, this type of PCR utilizes newly made DNA that is tagged with a fluorescent dye, such as Sybr Green or TaqMan. The levels of fluorescence can then be measure after every PCR cycle:

A) Real-time PCR

#23) All of these are a part a Koch's Postulates except:

A) The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

B) The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

C) The pathogen must be isolated for the diseased host and grown in a pure culture.

D) The pathogen from a pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into an unhealthy laboratory animal.

D) The pathogen from a pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into an unhealthy laboratory animal.

#24) This stage of a disease means you show mild signs or symptoms.

B) Prodromal period

#25) Which of these food borne diseases have drastically declined over the past 50 years

A) Typhoid fever

#26) Which of these groups of etiological agents cause the most Illnesses per year in the United States?

A) Viruses

#27) Which of these groups of etiological agents cause the most deaths per year in the United States?

B) Bacteria

#28) The most promising current treatment method to restore the intestinal microbiome from Clostridium difficile is:

C) Fecal transplant

You and your friends have just had dinner and the dinner consisted of fresh spinach salad, potato salad (made from potatoes baked the day before and left at room temp) mixed with your bare hands, one glass of red wine, a steak that was seared on the outside but rare in the middle, and uncooked raw chocolate chip dough (made in a mixer) for dessert. Now read the following four scenarios and answer the two questions for each.

Scenario: You and your friends all develop diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, chills, and fever within 8-72 hours after eating the meal.

#29) Which foodborne pathogen likely caused the foodborne disease?

A) Salmonella enterica

You and your friends have just had dinner and the dinner consisted of fresh spinach salad, potato salad (made from potatoes baked the day before and left at room temp) mixed with your bare hands, one glass of red wine, a steak that was seared on the outside but rare in the middle, and uncooked raw chocolate chip dough (made in a mixer) for dessert. Now read the following four scenarios and answer the two questions for each.

Scenario: You and your friends all develop diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, chills, and fever within 8-72 hours after eating the meal.

#30) In this case which food most likely caused you to get sick?

E) Chocolate chip cookie dough

#31) In the Chipolte Salmonella outbreak in the Star Tribune article which food was implicated as the cause of disease?

D) Tomatoes

#32) In Salmonella produce-related outbreaks mentioned in the Star Tribune article, what is likely the source of contamination?

In packing houses and in fields due to contaminated irrigation water

#33) Which of the following sugars/sweeteners lead to dental caries (cavities)?

C) Sucrose

Match the following bacteria to the disease they cause in the mouth:

#34) Prevotella intermedia

#35) Porphyromonas spp

#36) Streptococcus mutans

34- acute necrotizing gingivitis

35- periodontal disease

36- dental caries - cavities

#37) Which of the following foods have been gene edited using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and will be in super markets within a year?

C) Button mushrooms

#38) CRISPR/Cas9 molecular machinery is found in ~90% of which type of organism?

B) Archaea

#39) A CRISPR/Cas9 gene edited food must be labeled as a Genetically Modified Food (GMO) in the United States:

B) False

#40) With CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing we may one day be able to remove infectious DNA such as HIV from humans?

A) True

#41) A foodborne disease that requires growth of the pathogenic organism in the host is called a foodborne _____?

C) Infection

#42) How many people die from foodborne Salmonella disease annually in the United States?

C) ~400

#43) The first genome ever sequenced was from which type of organism?

A) Phage

#44) The first yeast genome was sequenced by a consortium of 74 labs and took how long to complete?

D) 7 years

#45) As of 2017, a human genome can now be sequenced for how much money?

E) 1,000 US dollars

#46) The 100K Foodborne Pathogen Genome Project currently underway will have what potential health impact?

A) Positively identify the source of pathogens in legal cases for foodborne outbreaks

B) Identify effective disinfectants

C) Identify drug resistance

D) Make it easier for health officials to track pathogens to their source

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

#47) Currently How many new antibiotics are being developed by drug companies?

E) 0

#48) Recently an antibiotic resistant bacteria was isolated that is resistant to all 24 antiobiotics approved for human use in the United States?

A) True

B) False

A) True

#49) Normal microbioata protect the host by:

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy and producing bacteriocins and/or acids

#50) An infection throughout the whole body is called _______?

C) Systemic infection

#51) Which of the following are examples of zoonotic diseases?

C) Rabies

#52) Which of the following is an emerging infectious disease?

E) Zika virus

#53) The Center for Disease Control collects which types of disease information?

A) Foodborne outbreaks

B) Mortality rate

C) Morbidity rate

D) Health care workers reports

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

#54) Some pathogens produce this virulence factor to protect themselves from phagocytosis.

C) Coagulase

#55) Which of these virulence factors help bacteria scavenge iron from the host?

A) Siderophores

#56) A toxin that is a secreted protein that interferes with functions of the body is called an ________?

C) Exotoxin

#57) Which of the following demographic groups are NOT more susceptible to bacterial disease:

C) NFL Vikings Fans

#58) Which of the following is the most common principal site of nosocomial infections?

C) Urinary tract infections

#59) Which of the following microorganisms causes nosocomial infections?

D) Clostridium difficile

#60) All chile peppers possess antimicrobial properties? True (A) or False (B)

False (B)

In the acronym for antibiotic resistant microorganisms ESKAPE, the following letters represent which microorganism:

#61) S:

E) Staphylococcus aureus

In the acronym for antibiotic resistant microorganisms ESKAPE, the following letters represent which microorganism:

#62) P:

D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

#63) Which of the following are routes of disease transmission?

A) Mother to fetus

B) Zoonosis

C) Blood products

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

D) All of the above

#64) Which of the following are methods of disease prevention?

bug nets over beds and quarantine

#65) Which of the following foods are known to possess some antimicrobial properties?

garlic, rosemary, green tea, honey

#66) sporadic disease

D) A disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other

#67) endemic disease

E) A disease found regularly in a region

#68) pandemic disease

B) A disease in higher than expected numbers around the world

#69) morbidity rate

A) The number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals

#70) mortality rate

C) The number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 individuals

#71) Mercury is a toxic compound and is a problem in our environment. As a microbiologist you know that certain types of bacterial strains could be coerced into cleaning up our environment. What is this concept called?

A) Bioremediation

#72) The animals that are possible vectors of disease shown in the surprise boxes in lecture were?

B) Spiders and Mice

#73) Which of the following factors can lead to the reemergence of a disease?

A) A mutation that allows it to infect humans

B) A period of decline in vaccination rates

C) A change in disease reporting procedures

D) Better education on the signs and symptoms of the disease

B) A period of decline in vaccination rates

#74) Which of the following is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection?

A) It produces acids that lower the pH of the stomach.

B) It speeds up the process by which microbes are flushed from the digestive tract.

C) It consumes food and occupies space, outcompeting potential pathogens.

D) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.

D) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.

#75) What types of microbes live in the intestines?

A) Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria

Dr. Baumler set a New "World Record" Monday in class for:

Playing ukulele while hula hooping 2 hoops

What are the three main processes that comprise the "central dogma" in Biology?

Replication, Transcription, Translation

Which of the following are NOT used in DNA:

A) Uracil

What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage?

transduction

What are the two types of enzymes that are required to insert a PCR amplified gene (e.g. insulin gene) into a plasmid to generate recombinant DNA.

Restriction enzymes

DNA Ligase

List three types of genes that can be acquired by bacteria by DNA transfer (Hint: remember the hula hoops and post it notes exercise from class)?

Bile resistance, toxins, lactose operon, antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factor genes, heat resistance, acid resistance, spore forming genes, new metabolic genes, genes to permit faster growth

Genetics

the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated

gene

segment of Dna that encodes a protein

chromosome

structure containing DNA that physically carries info

genome

all the genetic info in a cell

genomics

the study of genomes

genotype vs phenotype

g: genes of an organism

p: expression of the genes

Structure of DNA

a+t

C+G

"backbone" = deoxyribose-phosphate

where does DNA synthesis begin

replication

central dogma follows the flow of genetic info

DNA to RNA to protein

transcription proceeds in what direction

5' to 3'

transcription

dna is transcibed to make RNA

3 types of RNA's transcription can produce

ribosome, tRNA, mRNA

translation

mRNA is translated into codons

AUG

process of making the protein

the genetic code is

degenerate

base substitution/point mutatation

change in 1 base

missense mutation

base subsitution results in a nonsense codon

frameshift mutation

insertion or deletion of nucleotides

UV radiation causes

thymine dimers

transformation

uptake and of naked DNA into a recipient cell

transduction

invovles viruses in the lateral transfer of DNA

conjugation

involves cell to cell contact for DNA transfer

how do mutations occur

spontaneous or induced by mutagen

mutagen: chemicals, x-rays, gamma rays, UV

3 types of DNA repair

proofreading

mismatch repair

repair of thymine dimers

proofreading

DNA polymerase detects and replaces wrong nucleotide

mismatch repair

enzymes recognize incorrectly added nucleotide, excise it and replace

gap is filled by DNA pol 3 and ligase

thymine dimers

nucleotide exicision repair (Dark)

photoreactiavation (light)