Muscles

Exam

Name the CT sheaths surrounding muscle from external to internal

Epimysium (covers muscle), perimysium (covers fascicle), endomysium (covers muscle fiber)

What is an aponeurosis?

Sheet-like tendon

What is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells called?

Sarcolemma

What is the name of the structure formed by the membrane protruding in the muscle cell?

T-tubule

Where is calcium stored in the muscle cell?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Muscles are bundles of what

fascicles

Fascicles are bundles of what

muscle fibers (myofibers)

What are myofibrils?

Complex organelles composed of bundles of myofilaments

A ______ is the structural (contractile) unit of a muscle

Sarcomere

Name the contractile proteins of skeletal muscle 

Actin and myosin

___________ are the thin filaments

Actin filaments

____________ are the thick filaments

Myosin filaments

What is the A band?

Dark bands composed of actin and myosin

What is the I band? 

Light bands consisting of actin only

What is the Z disc (Z line)?

End of a sarcomere

Name the muscle that raises the eyebrows

Occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

Name the circular muscle around the eye that closes it

Orbicularis oculi

Name the circular muscle around the mouth

Orbicularis oris

Name the kissing muscles

Buccinator, orbicularis oris

Name the smiling muscles

Zygomaticus

Name the muscles of mastication (chewing)

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids, buccinator

Name the muscles that close the jaw

Masseter, temporalis

Name the muscles that flex the head

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

Name the muscles that extend the head

Splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis

Name the respiratory muscles

Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals

Which respiratory muscle is the prime mover of inspiration? 

Diaphragm

What muscles are contracted to exhale forcibly?

Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus

Name the abdominal muscles

Rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis

What abdominal muscles are superficial and which ones are deep?

Rectus abdominus and external obliques are superficial, the internal internal obliques are deep, the transversus abdominis are deepest

Which muscle flexes the vertebral column? 

Rectus abdominus

Which muscles flexes the vertebral column and aides in lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

External and internal obliques

Which muscle only compresses the abdominal contents?

Transversus abdominis

Name the muscles that insert on the scapula

Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids

What is the action of the trapezius on the scapula?

Raises the scapula, shrugs shoulders

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Name the muscles that insert on the humerus

Pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, teres minor, coracobrachialis

Which muscle abducts the humerus?

Deltoid (prime mover of arm abduction)

Which muscle extends the humerus? 

Latissimus dorsi (known as the swimmer’s muscle), teres major

Which muscle flexes the humerus?

Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis

Name the muscles that move the forearm

Triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator

Which muscle extends the forearm?

Triceps brachii

Which muscle flexes the forearm? 

Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Which muscle flexes and supinates the forearm?

Biceps brachii

What is the origin of the biceps brachii?

Scapula

What is the action of the brachioradialis?

Flexes the forearm

Name the muscles that move the wrist and fingers

Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

Name the muscles that flex the wrist

Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

What muscles originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Wrist flexors

What muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

Wrist extensors

What muscles flexes and abducts the wrist? 

Flexor carpi radialis

What muscle flexes and adducts the wrist?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What muscle extends the vertebral column?

Erector spinae

What is the most lateral muscle group of the erector spinae muscles?

Iliocostalis

What is the intermediate muscle group of erector spinae muscles?

Longissimus

What is the most medial muscle group of erector spinae muscles?

Spinalis

What muscle is deep to the erector spinae muscles?

Semispinalis

What are the deepest muscles of the back associated with the vertebral column? 

Multifidus and rotatores

What muscle of the back flexes the vertebral column laterally?

Quadratus lumborum

Name the muscles that flex the thigh

Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major), rectus femoris

What is the origin of the rectus femoris?

Anterior inferior iliac spine

What is the origin of the sartorius? 

Anterior superior iliac spine

Name the muscles that extend the thigh

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), gluteus maximus

Name the muscles that adduct the thigh

Adductors (magnus, longus, brevis), gracilis

Name the muscles that abduct the thigh

Gluteus medius and minimus

Name the muscles that extend the knee

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

Name the muscles that flex the knee

Hamstrings

What is the origin of the hamstrings?

Ischial tuberosity

What is the insertion of the quadriceps femoris?

Quadriceps tendon inserts on patella then the patellar ligament inserts on the tibial tuberosity

What muscle extends the knee and flexes the thigh? 

Rectus femoris

What muscle flexes the knee and extends the thigh?

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Which gluteal muscle is superficial and which is deep?

Gluteus maximus is superficial, minimus is deep

What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

Dorisflexion (prime mover) and inversion

What is the action of the fibularis (peroneus) longus? 

Plantar flexion and eversion

Where does the fibularis longus originate?

Head of fibula

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

Plantar flexes foot and flexes the knee

What is the action of the soleus?

Plantar flexion only

Where do the gastrocnemius and soleus insert?

Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Sartorius

What is the largest tendon in the body?

Achilles (calcaneal)

Which muscle group is involved when a ‘pulled groin’ occurs?

Thigh adductors

A muscle that opposes a particular mover is an

Antagonist

Be familiar with naming of muscles

Bi, triceps= number of heads (origins), maximus=size, etc.