AUBF LAB PT-Module 3

Color, clarity, specific gravity, volume, odor, transparency

Parameters measured for the macroscopic examination of urine

pale yellow to amber

The normal color of urine ranges from ______ to _______

Green

What color of urine is suggestive of pseudomonas infection or asparagus intake?

Colorless

What color of urine is suggestive of recent fluid consumption and is commonly observed with random specimens?

Pale Yellow

What color of urine is suggestive of polyuria or diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or diluted random specimen?

Pale yellow

What color of urine is suggestive of Increased 24-hour volume and low specific gravity

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result?

Dark yellow

What color of urine is suggestive of being concentrated, dehydration, and may be normal after strenous exercise or in first morning specimen?

Yellow green

What color of urine indicates oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin?

Blue-green

What color of urine is suggestive of antidepressants intake and blue diaper syndrome?

Pink/Red

What color of urine is suggestive of the presence of RBCs, positive for blood, intake of beets and menstrual contamination?

Port wine

What color of urine is suggestive of the presence of porphyrins but is negative for blood test?

Red-brown

What color of urine is caused by RBCs oxidizing to methemoglobin and is seen in acidic urine after standing and is positive for blood content?

Brown/black

What color of urine is caused by alkaptonuria, malignant melanoma, pheol derivatives, chloroquine, methocarbamol, or intake of fava beans, rhubarb or aloe?

Brown/black

What color of urine may be possibly caused by alkaline urine after standing, reacting with nitroprusside, and possibly by the patient’s intake of muscle relaxant or antihypertensive?

urochrome

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment ______

bilirubin

The presence of what analyte may be suggested if yellow foam appears when the specimen is shaken?

phenazopyridine

What drug that is administered usually causes yellow-orange urine color?

Melanin

Additional testing is recommended for urine specimens that turn brown or black inasmuch as they may contain ______, an oxidation product of the colorless pigment melanogen.

Homogentisic acid

Additional testing is recommended for urine specimens that turn brown or black inasmuch as they may contain _____, a metabolite of phenylalanine with patients who have alkaptonuria.

purple

What color of urine suggests bacterial infection that is frequently caused by Klebsiella or Providencia species?

Clarity

General term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen?

600-2000mL/24 hours

Normal volume of voided urine

Faint aromatic

Normal odor of urine

Clear to slightly hazy

Normal transparency or clarity of urine

1.003-1.005

Normal specific gravity of a random specimen.

Amorphous phosphates and carbonates

Produce a white precipitate in urine with an alkaline pH

Amorphous urates

Produce a precipitate in acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust due to the presence of uroerythrin

Clear

No visible particulates, transparent

Hazy

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

Cloudy

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Turbid

Print cannot be seen through urine

Milky

May precipitate or be clotted

RBCs, WBCs, and bacteria caused by infection

The pathological causes of turbidity in a fresh specimen that are encountered most commonly are _____, ____, and ______

RBCs, WBCs, bacteria and protein

Current criteria used to determine the necessity of performing a microscopic examination on all urine specimens include both clarity and chemical tests for _____, _____, ______, and ______

specific gravity

the kidney’s ability to concentrate the glomerular filtrate by selectively reabsorbing essential chemicals and water from the glomerular filtrate is one of the kidney’s most important functions is measured through _______

Isosthenuric

used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010.

hyposthenuric

Specimens below 1.010 are ______

hypersthenuric

Specimens with SG above 1.010

1.015-1.030

Most random specimens fall between ______

Refractometry

determines the concentration of dissolved par- ticles in a specimen by measuring refractive index.

Refractive index

a comparison of the velocity of light in the air with the velocity of light in a solution.

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

based on the principle that the frequency of sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution.

urinometer

Consist of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity

20C

The calibration temperature (urine & surroundings) for urinometer is printed on the instrument and usually about ______

10-15mL

About how much is the urine volume requirement for urinometer?

add 0.001

Urinometer temperature corrections: For every 3C increase in temperature, ______

subtract 0.001

Urinometer temperature corrections: For every 3C decrease increase in temperature, ______

increase SG by 0.003

1g/dL​ of protein can i​ncrease SG by _______

increase SG by 0.004

1g/dL​ of glucose can​ increase SG by _______

1.000

Calibrating solutions for refractometer: distilled water

1.022 ± 0.001

Calibrating solutions for refractometer: 5% NaCl sol’n

1.015 ± 0.001

Calibrating solutions for refractometer: 3% NaCl sol’n

1.034 ± 0.001

Calibrating solutions for refractometer: 9% sucrose

breakdown of urea is responsible for the character- istic ammonia odor

What is the phenomenon responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor of urine?

Foul, ammonia- like

Odor that may suggest Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection

Fruity, sweet

Odor that may suggest Ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)

Maple syrup

Odor that is suggestive of MSUD

Mousy

Odor that may be suggestive of phenylketonuria

Rancid

Odor that may be suggestive of Tyrosinemia

Sweaty feet

Odor that may be suggestive of Isovaleric acidemia

Cabbage

Odor that may be suggestive of methionine malabsorption

Bleach

Odor that may be suggestive of contamination

fishy

Odor which suggests trimethylaminuria

1.020-1.034

Range for consistently high SG

Above 1.040

Range for abnormally high SG

1.001-1.003

Range for consistently low SG