AP Human Geography Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on AP Human Geography Lecture Notes for exam review.

What does it mean to think geographically?

Viewing the world through a spatial lens, focusing on relationships between people, places, and environments across different scales.

What are the key aspects of thinking geographically?

Spatial Perspective, Interconnectedness, Scale and Context, Problem-Solving, and Holistic Understanding

What are the main overaching factors causing migrants to move?

The pursuit of better economic opportunities, political instability, environmental challenges and social reasons.

What is Zero Population Growth (ZPG)?

Occurs when the number of births equals the number of deaths in a population, leading to a stable population size.

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.

What TFR Rate is needed to maintain ZPG?

To maintain ZPG in most developed countries, the TFR needs to be around 2.1 children per woman.

What was Thomas Malthus's population theory?

Population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically, leading to inevitable social and economic challenges.

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on demographic transition?

Advances in medicine, sanitation, and agriculture led to declining death rates and rapid population growth.

What were obstacles preventing Eastern Europeans from leaving their homes between World War II and the 1990s?

The Iron Curtain, strict border controls, travel restrictions, economic dependence, propaganda and fear, and cultural/social ties.

What were the key measures of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)?

Legalization of undocumented immigrants, employer sanctions, increased border enforcement, and guest worker programs.

What were the main source areas for immigration to the United States in the early twentieth century?

Southern and Eastern Europe, particularly Italy, Poland, and Russia.

What were two key push factors associated with the early twentieth-century peaks in immigration to the United States?

Economic hardship and political/social turmoil.

How did the economic structure of the United States promote immigration in the early twentieth century?

Industrialization, urbanization, expansion of infrastructure, and the World War I economic boom.

What were the main source areas for immigration to the United States in the late twentieth century?

Asia and Latin America.

What were two key push factors associated with the late twentieth-century peaks in immigration to the United States?

Economic instability and political turmoil/conflict.

How did changes in the economic structure of the United States promote immigration in the late twentieth century?

Shift to a service-based economy, globalization, and technological advancements.

How does economic structure contribute to general patterns of migration within the United States?

Deindustrialization, suburbanization.

How does Friction of Distance contribute to general patterns of migration within the United States?

Accessibility and Proximity, Transportation and Infrastructure

How does Age Structure of the Population contribute to general patterns of migration within the United States?

Young Adults Seeking Opportunities, Retirees Moving to Warmer Climates

What is the significance of Jerusalem for Judaism?

The Temple Mount, Western Wall, symbolic importance in religious texts adn traditions

What is the significance of Jerusalem for Christianity?

Site of the Crucifixion, Burial and Resurrection

What is the significance of Jerusalem for Islam?

Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock are significant religious sites.

What are multiple specific means of global diffusion?

Trade, Migration, Colonialism, Mass Media, Social Media and the Internet, Education and Academia, Technology and Innovation, Religious Missionary Work, Global Events, Tourism and Military Conquests

How do terms diffuse spatially through relocation?

People physically move from one location to another, carrying their language, ideas, or cultural practices with them.

How do terms diffuse spatially through contagious diffusion?

The rapid, widespread spread of ideas, terms, or trends across a population, much like the spread of a virus.

How do terms diffuse spatially through hierarchical diffusion?

Terms or ideas spread from higher-ranking or influential individuals, groups, or organizations to others within a social hierarchy.

What are at least five barriers to diffusion?

Physical Geography, Cultural Differences, Economic Constraints, Political Restrictions and Social Resistance

What are two reasons for the increase in Muslim immigration to Western European countries since 1950?

Post-War Labor Demand and Decolonization and Political Instability

How has the the Muslim population increase urban spatial organization in Western European countries'?

Formation of Ethnic Enclaves, Economic and Housing Patterns

How has the the Muslim population increase Population Structure in Western European countries'?

Age Dynamics and Cultural Diversity

How has the the Muslim population increase Social Relations in Western European countries'?

Challenges to Integration, Intercultural Exchange

How can political factors create centrifugal force?

Ethnic and Political Discrimination, Ideological Differences, Weak or Corrupt Governance, Regional Autonomy Movements, Unequal Resource Distribution and Historical Grievances

How can economic factors create centrifugal force?

Regional Economic Disparities, Unequal Resource Distribution, Job and Income Inequalities, Taxation Grievances, Economic Dependence on External Forces and Economic Shocks

How can cultural factors create centrifugal force?

Ethnic Diversity, Language Barriers, Religious Differences, Cultural Identity, Disparities in Cultural Recognition and Historical Grievances

What are autonomous regions?

Areas within a state that have been granted a high degree of self-governance, allowing them to make certain decisions independently from the central government.

What are Subnational political-territorial units?

Administrative divisions within a state that are delegated certain powers by the central government.

What is Balkanization?

The process by which a state fragments into smaller, often hostile units due to ethnic, political, or cultural divisions.

What is the relationship between redistricting and the census?

Redistricting is used to reflect changes in population distribution. The U.S. Census provides the population data used in redistricting

What are two political consequences from redistricting?

Gerrymandering and Impact on Minority Representation

Describe the concept of a supranational organization.

A political, economic, or cultural entity that operates beyond the boundaries of individual nation-states.

Explain ONE economic benefit to a country that joins ASEAN.

Enhanced trade opportunities through participation in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).

Explain ONE way that membership in ASEAN will affect the quality of life for citizens in member states.

Regional development initiatives that supports infrastructure projects, healthcare systems, and education programs.

Explain ONE political advantage for countries that join a supranational organization

Greater collective influence on the global stage.

Explain ONE political disadvantage for countries that belong to supranational organizations.

Loss of national sovereignty.

Explain how economies of scale are important to understanding ASEAN’s competitiveness with Japan and China.

ASEAN benefits from collective production and trade, enabling its member states to achieve cost advantages by pooling resources, expertise, and labor.

What crops were first farmed in South East Asia?

taro, yams & bananas

What crops were first farmed in Southwest Asia?

wheat, barley & oats

What crops were first farmed in Meso America?

maize (corn), squash & beans

What crops were first farmed in Africa

millet, sorghum, watermelons

What animals were domesticated in Southeast Asia?

Pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks, and geese

Dairy production since 1970 has increased in the United States in recent decades. Explain how this is possible.

Advances in Dairy Farming Technology, Genetic Improvements in Cattle, Better Nutrition and Veterinary Care, Agricultural Consolidation, Demand for Dairy Products, Government Policies and Support, Global Trade and Exports

Explain the concept of a commodity chain

The interconnected stages involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of a specific good or service.

Explain how problems associated with modern production of animal commodities has led to the trend in organic farms.

Concerns over Animal Welfare, Use of Antibiotics and Growth Hormones, Environmental Impacts, Consumer Demand for Healthier Products and Pushback Against Monoculture and Corporate Farming

Describe the change over time in the numbers and sizes of family-run dairy farms.

Every year, there are fewer family-run dairy farms as small farms go out of business or become part of larger conglomerates. At the same time, the average size of dairy farms is increasing.

Explain how economies of scale are used to maximize profitability in dairy farming.

Dairy farms can reduce per unit costs by manufacturing larger volumes of milk or dairy products using mechanization, transportation, or computerized production processes that reduce the amount of labor or energy needed to produce each unit of food.

Explain a recent trend in the location of dairy farms with respect to consumer locations.

Dairies have moved farther from consumer locations as a result of improvements in preservation and storage.

Explain ONE way in which a complex commodity chain connects large-scale dairies to consumers

Milk is manufactured into value-added dairy products (e.g., yogurt, cheese, cream, other dairy products, frozen foods), increasing the complexity of the commodity chain as more steps are needed for processing and packaging.

Explain ONE way in which small-scale dairy farms can specialize to compete with large-scale dairies.

By engaging in organic dairy farming production of dairy products and animal feed without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, and/or growth hormones (e.g., rBST, rBGH).

Explain an environmental sustainability problem that results from the production of dairy on large-scale farms.

Nitrous oxide or methane produced by cows are major contributors to global warming.

Explain the importance of world cities as nodes in the hierarchical diffusion of a globalized culture.

World cities contain many of the world’s leading and most influential cultural and educational institutions, so they have central importance in attracting talent and disseminating culture and knowledge.

Describe ONE common characteristic of the built environment of squatter settlements in developing countries.

Squatter settlements are often self-constructed using whatever materials are available to residents at low or no cost (e.g., scrap metal, lumber, cardboard, woven straw mats, tarps, bricks, cinderblocks, tents).

Explain ONE way the Internet may interrupt the hierarchical diffusion of a globalized culture.

The network connectivity of the Internet means that cultural phenomena (e.g., music, fashion) can originate anywhere and be accessible anywhere else instantaneously, without the need for hierarchical diffusion.

Explain ONE positive health effect likely to result from improved access to electricity in urban areas.

People have improved access to refrigeration, reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses and/or preserving medicines that may need refrigeration.

Explain ONE difference between world cities and metacities.

Metacities are urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size, whereas world cities are ranked in order of their importance to the global economy.

Explain ONE reason why individuals in less developed countries are likely to move to cities, contributing to the global trend of rural to urban migration.

People may move to cities to find work (e.g., better and/or higher-paying work).

Explain ONE way economic linkages among world cities may create risks during global financial crises.

World cities’ close financial linkages mean that economic shocks (e.g., stock market crashes) in one location can be felt rapidly in other locations.

Explain ONE likely effect of rural to urban migration on the economy of a developing country.

As the urban labor force grows due to rural to urban migration, urban-based manufacturing (e.g., secondary) and service (e.g., tertiary) sectors may expand.

Explain a limitation of the data shown in the table in illustrating challenges to urban sustainability.

There are no data on environmental components of sustainability over time (e.g., air quality, sprawl, greenhouse gas emissions, ecological footprint, waste production and treatment, vulnerability to natural hazards).

Explain ONE strength of Wallerstein’s world system theory in explaining where these products are made and where these products are sold.

The world system has a three-tiered structure made up of the core, the periphery, and the semiperiphery. China is a semiperiphery country with low labor costs that makes and exports many products to the core, the semiperiphery, and the periphery.

Describe ONE way that cultural attitudes or social norms may act as a barrier to women obtaining employment in the formal economy.

Because cultural attitudes or social norms may relegate or restrict women’s activities to the home, formal employment for women outside of the home may be discouraged (e.g., caring for children, the elderly, and/or ill family members; gathering fuel, fodder, and/or water for household consumption; being expected to conform to family, marriage including child marriage and forced marriages; and fertility norms).

Explain how ONE economic policy attracts foreign investments in China’s SEZs.

China’s SEZs have low minimum wages for workers, resulting in cost savings for foreign investors.

Explain ONE relationship between women’s economic empowerment and a decrease in the rate of natural increase in a more developed country.

Declines in RNI may result from women’s involvement in work outside the home taking precedence over domestic work such as raising children.

Explain the likely outcome on rural to urban migration as women gain greater access to education.

Women are likely to move from rural to urban areas to seek job opportunities, contributing to an increase in rural-to-urban migration.

Explain ONE likely obstacle for highly educated women who are employed in the formal economy.

Highly educated women employed in the formal economy may face a gender wage gap.

Explain why internal migration patterns increase the profits of corporations located in SEZs within China.

Internal migrants from lower-income regions provide low-cost labor to corporations located in SEZs.

Using the data in the table, explain ONE way in which the products listed relate to these clusters’ comparative advantage in global trade.

Products made in China’s SEZs cost less than similar products made in other countries that may be better at producing such goods but cannot do so at such a low cost per unit.

Describe ONE limitation of using the gross national income (GNI) per capita to analyze women’s contributions to economic productivity in less developed countries.

GNI per capita calculations do not include economic activity in the informal economy, much of which is performed by women.

Explain the degree to which granting microloans to individual women in less developed countries may be an effective strategy for economic development.

Microloans to women in LDCs are intended to help women develop small businesses. As these small businesses grow, regional economic development is expected to occur.