Localization of Brain Function

What is localization of brain function?

It's the theory that specific areas of the brain are responsible for certain behaviors and mental processes.

What does localization imply about simple vs. complex tasks?

Simple tasks are managed by single brain areas, while complex tasks are distributed across multiple regions.

What brain area is primarily associated with emotional processes like flashbulb memories?

The amygdala.

What are flashbulb memories (FBM)?

Vivid, long-lasting memories with a high emotional charge.

What is fMRI and how does it relate to localization?

(functional magnetic resonance imaging) is a brain imaging tool that shows brain activity by detecting blood flow, helping researchers link behaviors to specific brain areas.

What was the aim of Sharot et al.’s study?

To investigate the role of biological factors in the formation of flashbulb memories (FBM).

Who were the participants in Sharot’s study?

24 people who were in New York City during the 9/11 attacks.

When was the study conducted?

Three years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

What method was used to examine brain activity?

fMRI brain scanning.

What were participants asked to do during the scan?

They were shown a word list paired with either “Summer” or “September” to trigger memories of summer holidays or 9/11.

What did researchers measure after the scanning session?

Participants rated their memories for vividness, detail, and confidence, and described what they remembered.

What were the findings regarding participants with flashbulb memories?

Those closer to the event had more vivid and confident memories and showed greater amygdala activation when recalling 9/11 compared to summer.

What was observed in participants who were farther from the 9/11 attacks?

Their amygdala activity was similar when recalling both 9/11 and summer events.

What did the strength of amygdala activation correlate with?

The presence and strength of flashbulb memories.

How does Sharot et al.'s study support the theory of localization of brain function?

It shows that the amygdala is specifically involved in the formation and recall of emotional, flashbulb memories, particularly in those close to traumatic events.

What role did proximity to the 9/11 attacks play in the study?

Participants closer to the event showed higher amygdala activation, supporting the idea that specific brain regions are linked to emotional memory.

Why is this study significant for the localization theory?

It provides empirical evidence through fMRI that emotional memory retrieval activates a localized brain region—the amygdala.