Unit 1 Test F24

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

experiment

an orderly procedure carried out w the goal of validating or rejecting a hypothesis

hypothesis (HA)

a proposed explanation, tries to solve a problem

True or False: Data can prove your hypothesis.

-you can never prove your hypothesis but you can fail to reject

Null Hypothesis (H0)

the statistical hypothesis tested by the statistical procedure; usually a hypothesis of stating the independent variable has NO EFFECT on the dependent variable

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

controls

static characteristic (remains unchanged)

atom

basic building block of the universe or matter

molecule

made up of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

element

a pure substance that contains only ONE type of atom

-cannot be broken down into another substance

protons

subatomic particles with a positive charge

found in the nucleus

neutrons

subatomic particles with no charge (neutral)

found in the nucleus

electrons

subatomic particles with a negative charge

found OUTSIDE of the nucleus

nucleus

center of atom

-where protons and neutrons hang out

atomic number

number of protons

-how we define atoms

determines the IDENTITY OF ATOMS

atomic mass

mass of protons+ mass of neutrons

ion

an atom that has an electric charge

-has an unequal amount of p+ and e-

valence shell

last electron shell of an atom

-determines chemical properties or HOW THE ATOM BEHAVES

chemical bond

attractions that hold atoms together

covalent bonds

when atoms share electrons to fill valence shells

polar covalent bonds

when electrons are shared UNEVENLY within a covalent bond

THE HYDROGRENS ARE BONDED THIS WAY TO OXYGEN IN WATER

non polar covalent bonds

when electrons are shared EVENLY within a covalent bond

ionic bond

when atoms take/give electrons to fill valence shells

compound that is the result of an ionic bond

salt

chemical reactions

the breaking/formation of chemical bonds

-MUST CONSERVE MATTER

hydrogen bond

can occur between different molecules OF WATER

INTERMOLECULAR BOND

-a weak bond between polar molecules

reactants

starting material of a chemical reaction

products

what is made DURING the reaction, the end result

polar molecule

when electrons are shared UNEVENLY within a molecule

cohesion

the tendency of alike-molecules to stick to each other

adhesion

tendency of dissimilar molecules (or surfaces) to stick to each other

surface tension

the measure of difficulty to stretch of break the surface of liquid

Organic compounds contain

a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon

carbon

extremly stable bc it has 4/8 valence shells filled

isomer

compounds with same chemical formula but different structural arrangements

functional group

part of the molecule that is responsible for the characteristics of its chemical reactions

macromolecules

large molecules made by the joining of smaller units

polymers

long molecules consisting of many identical/similar building blocks

monomers

building blocks of polymers

dehydration (AKA condensation) synthesis

a reaction that removes a molecule of water as it bonds other molecules together

hydrolysis

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond by adding a water molecule

carbohydrates

macromolecules that contain Cn(H2n)On

monasaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

Disaccharide

A double RING sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Polysaccharide examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

glucose

a monosaccharide, the main product of photosynthesis
-fuel for cell respiration

-C6H12O6

starch

plant energy storage of glucose

glycogen

animal energy storage of glucose (highly branched)

cellulose

plant structural polymer of glucose

-fiber