social distribution of crime and deviance: eth, gen, class

give statistic to prove overrepresetnation of black people as prison population, percentage

black people make up 3% of population but 13% of prison population

statistic provided by ministry of justice in 2008, racial profiling

black communities are 7 times more likely than their white counterparts to be stopped and searched

what is a criticism to these statistics however,

they do not tell us whether members of one ethnic group are more likey to commit crime. these statistics instead only tell us that they are overrpresented in criminal justice system

what are the 2 alternative sources of statistics

victim surveys and self report studies

give an example of victim survey

Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

what does the CSEW ask

asks individuals what crimes they have been victims of

how does the CSEW identify what ethnic group is responsible for the crime

asks the individuals what the ethnicity of the offender was

what crime is an example of black people being more likely to be the offendor

mugging

what is the term the victim surveys identify

intra-ethnic

what does intra-ethnic crime mean

the offendor and victim are from the same ethnic group

what is a limitation of crime surveys

they rely on victims memory

what do coretta phillips and ben bowling say

white victims may 'over identify' black suspects, even saying that the offendor was black even if they are not certain

what is another limitation of crime surveys, businesses

tell us nothing about ethnicity of white collar and corporate criminals

what do self report studies ask

ask individuals to disclose their own disohnest and violent eaviur

who did a study of report studies

graham and bowling

what was the number of people graham and bowling studied

2,500

what did graham and bowling find

white and black rates of offending were very similar

what is the percentage of white and black crime acc graham and bowling

44% white, 43% black

what is an interesting fact about drugs that white people are the bigger offendorss

for class A drugs, herorin and cocaine, it is much higher for white people

who provided the statistic about class A drugs

home office cnducted a self report study

therefore what do self report studies do

challenge the stereotype that black people are more likely than white people to offend

name 5 reasons why black people are more likely to be in prison

1. policing
2. stop and search
3. arrests and cautions
4. prosecution and trial
5. convictions and sentencing

what do phillips and bowling note

since the 1970s there is clear evidence of oppressive policing to minority ethnic groups

what is a statistic to prove racism in stop and search

black people are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people

what is the terrorism act 200

police can stop and search people or vehicles whether or not they have reasonable suspicion

what does the terrorism act 200 mean

asian people are more likely to be stopped and searched under the terrorism act

therefore, what do philllips and bowling highlight

members of communities are 'over policed and under protected' and thus have little faith in the police

USE OF FORCE, what statistic about tasers

black people are 5 times more likely than white people to be tasered

how does macpherson report explain stop and search patterns

police racism- the met are institutionally racist

who identity 'canteen culture'

phillips and bowling

what does canteen culture mean for stop and search

deeply engrained negative stereotypes

what is a statistic to highlight that black people are more likely to be arrested

black people are 3 times more than white people to be arrested

what are black people likely to do when arrested

deny the offence and expercise their right to legal advice

thus, what does denying the offence mean for black people

they cannot be let off with a cuation and are therefore more likely to be charged

what are the crown prosecution survice more likely to do

more likely to drop cases against minority ethnic groups

what do phillips and bowling say about why the crown prosecution service are more likely to drop cases

because evidence is often weaker and based on stereotyping of minority ethnic groups as criminals

therefore, because minorities are more likely to be dropped by crown prosecution service how does this support bowling and Phillips point about over identify

white victims say the offendor was black, even if they are not sure. therefore evidence is weak and based on stereotypes

what is interesting to note about black and asian people being found guilty

they are less likely to be found guilty

thus, what does the fact that balck people are less likely to be found guilty prove

that police officers, discrimination, racial profilling, stop and searches are based on little evidence 'over policing'

what do left realists believe about the differences in offending

see crime as a product of relative deprivation, subculture and marginalization

according to left realistis what does racism mean

led to marginalisationa and economic deprivation, where minority ethnic groups are more liekly to be unemployed and in poverty

how does the media promote relative deprivation

emphasis on consumerism measn that minority groups are unable to achieve materialistic goals in legitimate means

what do lea and young say about how marignalisation is the cause of minority groups commiting crime

produces utilitarian crime such as theft and robbery as a means of coping with relative deprivation

how do lea and young counter points that the police are racist

they note that 90% of crimes known to the police are reported by members of the public rather than the police

what do neo marxists believe about statistics

statistics do not reflect reality, instead it is an outcome of social construction and sterotypes

what does gilroy argue

the idea of black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes of the police and criminal justice system

what does gilyoy say about how imperialisation adn colonisation has impacted black criminalisation

back and asian people originate from biriths colonies and have been taught how to resist oppression. thus, their defence against racism n the uk has been criminalised by the british state

however, how does lea and young criticise gilroy , first gen immigrants

first gen immigrants in the uk were v law abiding and therefore it is unlikely black and asian people today have been taught and passed down traditions to resit the police

how do lea and young criticse gilroy, intra

most crime is intra-ethnic therefor the reason they commit crimes cannot be due to the fact that they are fighting anti-colonial struggels

how does stuart hall et all believe the cause of muggging is

moral panic create dby he media to benefit capitalism

how has mugging been intensified by the media

the media has labelled mugging as crime committed soley by black people

thus, how does moral panic of mugging benefit capitalism

the mugging phenomenom began in the 1970s when the uk was struggeling with mass unemployment and inflation. thus, 'black muggers' were a scapegoat