science unit 3

-know arm bones -know evolutionary tree/tree w -embryo structures -know how to do the thing w/beans & half-life graph -color stages of earth -animal evolution timeline(evolutionary tree/kingdoms) -tectonic plates

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

allele

Different forms of a gene

natural selection

process that leads to evolution; traits become more common based of the environment

sexual selection

extreme traits in males of a species used to attract mates/opportunities. The traits can have drawbacks but reproducing ability is greater

directional selection

extreme traits are favored- usually because something in the environment changes;

stabilizing selection

the average trait is the most useful, and becomes the most common

artificial selection/selective breeding

humans selecting traits in organisms that WE want them to have (even if they r disadvantage)

heritable trait

trait that is passed from parent to offspring

acquired trait

a trait influenced by experience or the environment & can't be passed to offspring. ex. tattoos

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

speciation

the formation of new species

adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

frequency

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

lamark

before Darwin - argued giraffes' stretched necks trait is passed to offspring (he was wrong)

mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

genetic variation

The variety of different types of genes in a species or population.

differential reproduction

organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce

biological fitness

A species that is most suited to survive in a certain type of environment.

asthenosphere

layer of earth below lithosphere

collision

the moment when two objects hit each other

convergent plate boundary

two boundaries move towards each other; results in mountain building, volcanoes & subduction zone

divergent plate boundary

two plates moving apart from each other; results in new crust formed, rift valleys

transform plate boundary

two plates moving up and down & slightly pushing against each other; results in earthquakes, fault lines

lithosphere

crust & upper mantle | Litho=stone

volcanism

an area with volcanoes

magma

A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle

subduction

One plate going under another plate

earthquakes

caused by plates getting stuck while moving against each other enough until pressure builds & all force is released

faults

boundaries between plates | ex. San Adreas Fault

mountain building

caused by two continental plates converging

sea floor spreading

the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. | ex. Atlantic ocean is getting bigger

continential plate

made of continental crust, less dense, thicker, atmospheric pressure

oceanic plates

under the ocean, dense, thinner, atmospheric & water pressure

hot spots

active convection current in mantle = eats away the crust & forms volcano

Vestigial strictures

inherited from an ancestor but are reduced in form & function and don't have current use in that organism

ex. wisdom teeth, appendix, tailbone (unneeded)

homologous structure

similar in form/function bc they are inherited from a common ancestor

ex. bird, mammal, reptile bones R all inherited from amphibians

(know arm bones in humans/bats/horse/birds)

analogous structure

structures similar in function & form NOT because 2 species R related, but bc they need to do the same job

ex. wings in birds, beetle, bat & butterfly (all R diff structure w/ same purpose to fly)

archaebacteria

autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, prokaryotic

eubacteria

autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, prokaryotic

protista

autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, multicellular, eukaryotic

plantae

autotroph, multicellular, eukaryotic

animalia

heterotroph, multicellular, eukaryotic

fungi

heterotroph, unicellular, multicellular, eukaryotic

survival advantage

outcome of a characteristic that helps an organism to live long enough to reproduce.

mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

reproductive advantage

some variations allow the organism that possesses them to have more offspring than the organism that does not possess them

erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away

gill slits

the way that embryos are capable of breathing

cephilization

sensory organs mainly in head

ex. brain, heart

tails

eyespots

the beginning of the formation of the eyes; typically are very large bc they stay the same when the embryo is born

bilateral symmetry

both sides of the embryo's body are symmetrical

notochords

the beginning of the spinal cord

limb buds

beginning of arms and legs

radiometric dating

the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the isotopes (half-life graph)

absolute dating

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil using the depth of the fossil in dirt

convergent evolution

when unrelated species develop in a similar direction bc of some environmental pressures

ex. birds & bats all need wings to fly , 2 populations of rock pocket mice both evolve to camouflage with 2 diff mutations

divergent evolution

everyone is similar but then they are exposed to different environments & challenges & they split off - leads to formation of new species

black earth

1st stage, no living things, very hot, rocks & dust, layers of earth (core, mantle, crust) form

grey earth

2nd stage, no living things, too hot for liquid h2o, metamorphic rock is exposed, layers of earth form

blue earth

3rd stage, earth cooled for water, bacteria, archaebacteria evolve

red earth

4th stage, rising O2 levels, dropping CO2 = toxic, O2 from photosynthesis combines w/ oceanic iron (O2+iron=rust)

white earth

5th stage, temperature drops, active volcanoes, some surviving bacteria, snow&ice, less CO2, earth is the coldest its ever been

green earth

6th stage, ice melts, volcanoes release CO2, ozone layer forms, plants, animals, & fungi evolve (life expands)

igneous rock

formed by heat

sedimentary rock

formed by erosion & weathering

metamorphic rock

formed by heat & pressure