-know arm bones -know evolutionary tree/tree w -embryo structures -know how to do the thing w/beans & half-life graph -color stages of earth -animal evolution timeline(evolutionary tree/kingdoms) -tectonic plates
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
allele
Different forms of a gene
natural selection
process that leads to evolution; traits become more common based of the environment
sexual selection
extreme traits in males of a species used to attract mates/opportunities. The traits can have drawbacks but reproducing ability is greater
directional selection
extreme traits are favored- usually because something in the environment changes;
stabilizing selection
the average trait is the most useful, and becomes the most common
artificial selection/selective breeding
humans selecting traits in organisms that WE want them to have (even if they r disadvantage)
heritable trait
trait that is passed from parent to offspring
acquired trait
a trait influenced by experience or the environment & can't be passed to offspring. ex. tattoos
species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
speciation
the formation of new species
adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
frequency
phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
lamark
before Darwin - argued giraffes' stretched necks trait is passed to offspring (he was wrong)
mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
genetic variation
The variety of different types of genes in a species or population.
differential reproduction
organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce
biological fitness
A species that is most suited to survive in a certain type of environment.
asthenosphere
layer of earth below lithosphere
collision
the moment when two objects hit each other
convergent plate boundary
two boundaries move towards each other; results in mountain building, volcanoes & subduction zone
divergent plate boundary
two plates moving apart from each other; results in new crust formed, rift valleys
transform plate boundary
two plates moving up and down & slightly pushing against each other; results in earthquakes, fault lines
lithosphere
crust & upper mantle | Litho=stone
volcanism
an area with volcanoes
magma
A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle
subduction
One plate going under another plate
earthquakes
caused by plates getting stuck while moving against each other enough until pressure builds & all force is released
faults
boundaries between plates | ex. San Adreas Fault
mountain building
caused by two continental plates converging
sea floor spreading
the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. | ex. Atlantic ocean is getting bigger
continential plate
made of continental crust, less dense, thicker, atmospheric pressure
oceanic plates
under the ocean, dense, thinner, atmospheric & water pressure
hot spots
active convection current in mantle = eats away the crust & forms volcano
Vestigial strictures
inherited from an ancestor but are reduced in form & function and don't have current use in that organism
ex. wisdom teeth, appendix, tailbone (unneeded)
homologous structure
similar in form/function bc they are inherited from a common ancestor
ex. bird, mammal, reptile bones R all inherited from amphibians
(know arm bones in humans/bats/horse/birds)
analogous structure
structures similar in function & form NOT because 2 species R related, but bc they need to do the same job
ex. wings in birds, beetle, bat & butterfly (all R diff structure w/ same purpose to fly)
archaebacteria
autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, prokaryotic
eubacteria
autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, prokaryotic
protista
autotroph, heterotroph, unicellular, multicellular, eukaryotic
plantae
autotroph, multicellular, eukaryotic
animalia
heterotroph, multicellular, eukaryotic
fungi
heterotroph, unicellular, multicellular, eukaryotic
survival advantage
outcome of a characteristic that helps an organism to live long enough to reproduce.
mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
reproductive advantage
some variations allow the organism that possesses them to have more offspring than the organism that does not possess them
erosion
Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away
gill slits
the way that embryos are capable of breathing
cephilization
sensory organs mainly in head
ex. brain, heart
tails
eyespots
the beginning of the formation of the eyes; typically are very large bc they stay the same when the embryo is born
bilateral symmetry
both sides of the embryo's body are symmetrical
notochords
the beginning of the spinal cord
limb buds
beginning of arms and legs
radiometric dating
the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the isotopes (half-life graph)
absolute dating
A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil using the depth of the fossil in dirt
convergent evolution
when unrelated species develop in a similar direction bc of some environmental pressures
ex. birds & bats all need wings to fly , 2 populations of rock pocket mice both evolve to camouflage with 2 diff mutations
divergent evolution
everyone is similar but then they are exposed to different environments & challenges & they split off - leads to formation of new species
black earth
1st stage, no living things, very hot, rocks & dust, layers of earth (core, mantle, crust) form
grey earth
2nd stage, no living things, too hot for liquid h2o, metamorphic rock is exposed, layers of earth form
blue earth
3rd stage, earth cooled for water, bacteria, archaebacteria evolve
red earth
4th stage, rising O2 levels, dropping CO2 = toxic, O2 from photosynthesis combines w/ oceanic iron (O2+iron=rust)
white earth
5th stage, temperature drops, active volcanoes, some surviving bacteria, snow&ice, less CO2, earth is the coldest its ever been
green earth
6th stage, ice melts, volcanoes release CO2, ozone layer forms, plants, animals, & fungi evolve (life expands)
igneous rock
formed by heat
sedimentary rock
formed by erosion & weathering
metamorphic rock
formed by heat & pressure