HBS Units 1 and 2

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from lecture notes on the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, and endocrine system.

Body planes

coordinate system of the human body

Regional terms

specific locations of the body

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body unequally into left and right portions.

Transverse Plane

Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior portions.

Median Plane

Divides body equally into equal left and right portions

Dorsal Body Cavity

Vertebral cavity (spine) + cranial cavity (brain)

Ventral Body cavity

Two parts- Thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)

Axial

skull, spine, rib cage

Appendicular

limbs

Nervous tissue

found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord. Made up of neurons which respond to signals

Epithelial tissue

tissue outlines outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels. Helps absorb, secrete, protect and sense for us.

Muscle tissue

makes up muscles of the body

Connective tissue

hold organs in place, attach muscle to bone, link bones to joints, and allow lungs to stretch

Adipose tissue

type of fat connective tissue

Flat bones

bones on skull

Long bone

femur, radius

Irregular bones

spinal bones

Short bones

carpal bones

Compact bone

perimeter of diaphysis and surrounds medullary cavity

Periosteum

covers entire bone, full of blood vessels and allows nutrients to enter the bone

Osteoblasts

build bone

Osteoclasts

crush old bones

Radiology

branch of medicine which uses imaging technology to diagnoses and treat diseases

Fracture

crack or break in a bone

Muscle

Organ composed of one of three types of fibrous tissue: connective, cardiac, or smooth

Sliding filament theory

Explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide and create muscle contractions by decreasing the length of the sarcomere

Tendon

A flexible, non-elastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue which attaches muscle to bone

Contraction

process leading to the shortening of muscle tissue

Sarcomere

smallest muscle unit, structural unit of striated muscle

Actin

thin filament

Myosin

thick filament

Origin

stationary part of a muscle

Insertion

mobile part of the muscle

Physiatrist

medical doctor who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation without surgery

Endomysium

Delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

Epimysium

External connective-tissue sheath of a muscle

Perimysium

connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for bundles of muscle fibers

Fascile

small bundle or cluster for muscle fibers

Myofibril

threadlike structure, consisting of thick and thin filaments

Occupational therapy

medical treatment that improves a patient's ability to perform daily activities

Muscle fatigue

a decrease in the force of power of muscles

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

diagnostic test which picks up electrical signals from the heart

Fibrous joint

a fixed join that doesn’t move and connects bones. It is made out of collagen

Cartilaginous joint

Joint with some motion with hyaline cartilage present. In the space between articulating bones

Synovial joint

Moveable joint that has synovial fluids in the space to reduce friction. Most common joint in the body

Range of motion

Range through which a joint can be moved

Rotation

turning movement

Circumduction

circular movement

Abduction

movement away from body

Adduction

movement towards the body

Depression

moving downwards

Elevation

moving upwards

Flexion

reducing angle between two muscles

Extension

reduce angle between two muscles

Plantar flexion

Moving foot downwards

Dorsiflexion

Moving foot upwards

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue that provides shape and support and allows movement

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone structures

Fibrocartilage

provides support and cushions parts of the body

Goniometer

instrument which measures the angles of a joint

Hormone

signaling molecule produced by specific endocrine glands. Induces specific effects

Central Nervous system (CNS)

brain + spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

all neurons in the body

Cerebrum

dorsal portion of the brain, composed of right and left hemispheres

Cerebellum

large portion of the brain which is concerned about coordination of muscles and maintaining homeostasis

Thalamus

Gray matter, relays sensory information and acts as center of pain perception

Pituitary gland

produces several hormones and activates other glands to secrete hormones

Hypothalamus

coordinates the autonomic nervous system and controls body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, and emotional activity

Hippocampus

memory storage

Corpus callosum

relays information between the two hemispheres of the brain

Medulla oblongata

regulates involuntary functions like BP, heart rate, and breathing

Pons

regulates breathing and is involved in sleep cycles

Principle investigator

person in charge of scientific research grants or clinical trials. They are the lead researchers.

Motor cortex

part of brain which nerve impulses initiate voluntary muscular activity

Gyrus

convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves (space between grooves)

Sulcus

Shallow furrow on the surface of the brain (grooves)

Amygdala

in the middle of the brain, adjacent to the hippocampus. Involved in processing emotions and memory associated to stress or fear

CN9/ glossopharyngeal nerve

responsible for oral sensation, taste, and salivation

CN10/accessory nerve

controls shoulder elevation and head turning

CN11/hypoglossal nerve

controls tongue movement

CN

CN=Cranial nerve

Neurons

primary signaling cells for the nervous system. Send and receive electrical and chemical signals to communicate

Glial cells

cells in the nervous system which provide protection and maintain homeostasis in neurons

Cell body

central part of a neuron which contains the nucleus and is the main structural component of gray matter

Axon

long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body (long tube of neuron)

Nucleus

contains genetic material for cell development and synthesis

Dendrites

branches that come off the cell body and send impulses to the cell body of the neuron

Myelin sheath

insulating layer, or sheath that forms around the nerve

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between myelin sheath of a nerve

Schwann cell

Cells which produces myelin sheath

Synapse

Place at which a nervous impulsepasses from one neuron to another (space between neurons)

Neurotransmitter

Chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

Action potential

Brief, electrical impulse which travels through the axon of a neuron

Sensory neuron

receive information from body and transmit it to the CNS

Motor neurons

carry signals from CNS to muscles, glands or organs

Interneurons

within the CNS and facilitate communication and process information

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal physiological conditions which enables optimal functioning for an organism

Neuropharmacology

study of drugs on the nervous system

Reward pathway

Route of signals that takes place within the brain. Creates a feeling of pleasure and euophroa. Can be stimulated by drugs like cocaine or opioids

• Parts of rain: prefrontal cortex (not fully developed in teens), hippocampus (memory), midbrain (actions), amygdala (stress and fear)