DCUSH SEM 1 FINAL

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement (1607) that survived through tobacco farming and set the foundation for English colonization.

Quakers

Religious group that promoted equality, pacifism, and religious freedom, influencing tolerant colonial governments like Pennsylvania.

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

Declared the colonies independent from Britain and asserted natural rights and the right to overthrow unjust government.

Supporters of the American Revolution

Patriots who wanted independence due to British taxation, lack of representation, and limits on self

British taxation

after the French and Indian War Britain imposed taxes to pay war debt, angering colonists and increasing resistance to British rule.

Articles of Confederation

Created a weak national government that could not tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws.

Shays’ Rebellion

An uprising of farmers that revealed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and pushed leaders to strengthen the government.

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalists supported a strong national government, while Antifederalists feared tyranny and demanded a Bill of Rights.

Indian Removal Act

Law that forced Native Americans off their land and led to the Trail of Tears.

Abolition

A movement to end slavery that increased sectional conflict between North and South.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across North America.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States who led the South during the Civil War.

South Carolina

The first state to secede from the Union after Abraham Lincoln’s election.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist whose raid on Harpers Ferry intensified tensions over slavery.

Fort Sumter

The site of the first shots of the Civil War in April 1861.

Strengths of the Confederacy

Included strong military leaders, defensive strategy, and familiarity with local terrain.

Strengths of the Union

Included greater population, industrial power, resources, and naval strength.

Confederate

invasion in the North Attempts by the Confederacy to weaken Northern morale and force peace, such as at Gettysburg.

Lincoln’s main goal at the beginning of the Civil War

To preserve the Union rather than immediately abolish slavery.

Lincoln assassination

The killing of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, which weakened Reconstruction efforts.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A government agency that provided education, jobs, and aid to formerly enslaved people.

Limitations on voting for African Americans

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses used to prevent African Americans from voting.

Goals of the KKK during Reconstruction

To restore white supremacy and undermine Reconstruction through violence and intimidation.

Bessemer Process

A method of producing steel cheaply that fueled rapid industrial growth.

New immigrants vs. Old immigrants

Old immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, while new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe and faced more discrimination.

Angel Island

West Coast immigration station where Asian immigrants faced strict questioning and detention.

Push factors vs. Pull factors

Push factors forced people to leave their home countries, while pull factors attracted them to the United States.

Building materials for people living in the Great Plains

Sod was commonly used due to a lack of trees and wood.

Government policy towards American Indians after the Indian Wars

Focused on assimilation through reservations, boarding schools, and loss of tribal lands.

Supporters of the Populist Party

Mainly farmers who wanted economic reforms such as railroad regulation and free silver.

The Jungle

A novel that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

The year 1898 and its importance

The year of the Spanish

Goals of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union To ban alcohol and promote social reforms, including women’s rights.

W.E.B. DuBois and racial equality

Advocated immediate civil rights and higher education for African Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court decision that legalized racial segregation under “separate but equal.”

Causes of World War I Militarism, alliances, nationalism, and imperialism created long

term tensions.

Fighting on the Western Front

Characterized by trench warfare, heavy casualties, and stalemate.

US entering World War I

Triggered by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.

The Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities for jobs and safety.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish

Platt Amendment

Gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

The killing that directly triggered the outbreak of World War I.

British blockade of Germany

A naval blockade that cut off supplies and weakened Germany’s economy.

Convoy system

A strategy of protecting ships by traveling in groups with naval escorts.

New weapons used during WWI

Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes increased the war’s destruction.

American neutrality

The U.S. policy of staying out of World War I before 1917.

MANIA

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination as causes of World War I.