hybridisation lecture 1

Atomic orbitals

Regions where electrons are statistically most likely to be found with respect to the nucleus.

s orbitals

Spherical shaped atomic orbitals.

p orbitals

Atomic orbitals with two lobes along the X, Y and Z axis.

Covalent bonding

The sharing of atomic orbitals when atoms come together to form molecules.

Hybridisation

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.

sp3 hybridisation

A hybridisation state of carbon where one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp3 orbitals.

Tetrahedral geometry

The three-dimensional shape formed by sp3 hybridised carbon atoms with bond angles of 109.5 degrees.

sp2 hybridisation

A hybridisation state of carbon that involves one s orbital and two p orbitals, resulting in three equivalent sp2 orbitals.

Trigonal planar

The geometry that results from sp2 hybridisation with bond angles of 120 degrees.

sp hybridisation

A hybridisation state that involves one s orbital and one p orbital, forming two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals.

Linear geometry

The shape resulting from sp hybridisation with a bond angle of 180 degrees.

p-bonding

A type of bonding that is weaker than s-bonding, contributing to double and triple bonds.

Bond dissociation energy

The energy required to break a bond, providing evidence for bond strength.

An example of a molecule with sp3 hybridised nitrogen, exhibiting tetrahedral geometry.

Ammonia (NH3)

A molecule with sp3 hybridised oxygen, exhibiting a bent shape due to lone pair repulsion.

Water (H2O)

A molecule where each carbon undergoes sp hybridisation, resulting in a linear structure.

Ethyne (C2H2)

A molecule featuring sp2 hybridised carbon, exhibiting trigonal planar geometry.

Ethene (C2H4)

The simplest element with an electronic configuration of 1s1.

Hydrogen (H)

An element with an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p2.

Carbon (C)

An element with an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p3.

Nitrogen (N)

An element with an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p4.

Oxygen (O)