The Self in Western and Eastern Thought

Individualistic Self

A self-concept centered on personal goals, autonomy, and independence, where identity is defined by unique traits and achievements.

Collective Self

A self-concept rooted in group membership and social roles, where identity is defined by relationships, loyalty, and shared responsibilities.

Western View of the Self

Sees the self as autonomous and distinct, emphasizing freedom, choice, and personal fulfillment over group obligations.

Eastern / Confucian View of the Self

Sees the self as relational and embedded in social networks, emphasizing duties, moral development, and harmony with others.

Confucius (Kongqui)

A Chinese philosopher (551 B.C.) who taught that selfhood develops through moral cultivation, fulfilling social duties, and maintaining harmonious relationships.

Five Cardinal Relationships (Confucianism)

The five key social roles shaping identity and morality:

1. Ruler ↔ Subject

2. Father ↔ Son

3. Husband ↔ Wife

4. Elder Brother ↔ Younger Brother

5. Friend ↔ Friend

Relational Self (Eastern Thought)

The idea that identity develops and is defined through roles and interactions within relationships.

Subdued Self (Confucianism)

A self that prioritizes duties and obligations to others over personal desires, often emphasizing selflessness for harmony.

Ren (Confucian Virtue)

Human-heartedness or benevolence — the core Confucian virtue highlighting compassion, altruism, and moral concern for others.

Filial Piety (Xiao)

A key Confucian principle of deep respect, loyalty, and duty toward parents and elders, central to moral development.

Individualistic Cultures

Societies that emphasize autonomy, self-expression, and personal rights — examples: United States, Australia, Canada, UK, Germany.

Collectivist Cultures

Societies that emphasize group harmony, interdependence, and loyalty — examples: Japan, China, South Korea, Philippines.