Lecture 1: Clinically applied neuroanatomy – Brain and Brainstem

[…] form the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Oligodendrocytes

[…] form the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Schwann cells

Cells that line the ventricles and circulate CSF via cilia

Ependymal cells

The […] is the network of interwoven neuronal and glial processes in the CNS

neuropil

The […] gives rise to the CNS, while […] migrate to form the PNS and adrenal medulla

neural tube

Primary brain vesicle that divides into the Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Prosencephalon

The […] develops into the Pons and Cerebellum

metencephalon

The […] develops into the Medulla Oblongata

myelencephalon

Failure of the […] neuropore to close results in anencephaly

rostral

Neural tube defect with a protruding sac containing meninges but not the spinal cord

Meningocele

Most severe spina bifida where the neural plate remains open and exposed

Myeloschisis

The primary motor cortex is located in the […] gyrus of the […] lobe

precentral

Damage to […] area in the frontal lobe results in expressive, non-fluent aphasia

Broca's

The […] lobe is the primary site for somatosensory processing and spatial awareness

parietal

Inability to identify objects by touch (astereognosis) suggests a lesion in the […] lobe

parietal

[…] syndrome (left parietal lesion): agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

Gerstmann's

[…] syndrome (bilateral parietal): simultagnosia, optic ataxia, and ocular apraxia

Balint's

Clinical sign where a patient ignores the contralateral half of their environment

Hemispatial neglect

Damage to […] area in the temporal lobe results in receptive, fluent "word salad" aphasia

Wernicke's

[…] syndrome: bilateral temporal/amygdala damage causing hypersexuality and emotional blunting

Klüver-Bucy

The […] stream ("Where?") handles motion/spatial; the […] stream ("What?") handles shapes/colors

dorsal (superior)

[…] Syndrome: cortical blindness with denial of vision loss

Anton

The medial surface of the homunculus represents the […], while the lateral surface represents the […]

lower limb

White matter tracts connecting the two hemispheres, such as the corpus callosum

Commissural fibers

White matter tracts connecting different regions within the same hemisphere

Association fibers

The […] contains projection fibers; small lesions here cause dense contralateral motor/sensory loss

internal capsule

The […] acts as the primary relay station for all sensory information except olfaction

thalamus

The […] is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and autonomic control

hypothalamus

A lesion in the […] results in violent, flinging movements (hemiballismus)

subthalamus

Posterior midbrain: […] colliculi handle visual reflexes; […] colliculi handle auditory reflexes

superior

The […] in the pons is the primary noradrenergic site for arousal and stress

locus coeruleus

Anterior medullary structures containing descending motor corticospinal tracts

Pyramids

The […] in the brainstem is essential for maintaining consciousness

reticular activating system (RAS)

Somatic motor cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, VI, XII) control movement of the […] and […]

eyes

The […] artery supplies the medial surface of the brain (leg area of homunculus)

anterior cerebral (ACA)

The […] artery supplies the lateral surface of the brain (face/arm area of homunculus)

middle cerebral (MCA)

Aneurysms at the PCA/SCA junction typically compress the […] nerve

oculomotor (CN III)

"Down and out" eye with a dilated pupil indicates a […] palsy

cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)

Acronym for Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis symptoms

LOPPED

The "L" and "O" in LOPPED stand for […] and […]

Loss of vision

The "P" and "P" in LOPPED stand for […] and […]

Papilledema

The "E" and "D" in LOPPED stand for […] and […]

Exophthalmos

[…] hydrocephalus is caused by an obstruction within the ventricles

Non-communicating

[…] hydrocephalus is caused by impaired absorption in the subarachnoid space

Communicating

Stroke in the […] artery leads to contralateral leg weakness and sensory loss

anterior cerebral (ACA