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What does the eq’m constant (K) represent
The ratio between [ ] of reactants and products
How is K evaluated (for aA + bB <- → dD + eE)
K = [D]^d [E]^e / [A]^a [B]^b
What does it mean if K is equal to one
Then [products] = [reactants]
What does it mean if K is greater than 1
[Products] is greater than [reactants] in the mixture
The fwd rxn is more favourable (eq’m favours the products)
What does it mean if K is less than 1
[Products] is smaller than [reactants] in the mixture
The rev rxn is more favourable (eq’m favours the reactants)
What does ICE stand for in an ICE table
I - initial
C - change
E - equilibrium
What is the equation used for calculating K(p) (using partial pressures)
K(p) = (P(D))^d (P(E))^e / (P(A))^a (P(B))^b
How to convert between K(c) and K(p)
K(p) = K(c) (RT)^Δn
What is the 500 rule
Says if the initial [ ] of reactant divided by K is greater than 500, then the change in [ ] for the reactant is insignificant and can be ignored
500 rule = [initial reactant]/K
If an eq’m is written in reverse, what would happen to the new K value
new K = 1/original K
What does it mean if Q = K
The reacting system is already at eq’m
What does it mean if Q > K
[products] is too large & [reactants] is too small
Reacting system must proceed in the reverse direction (to the left/reactants)
What does it mean if Q < K
[products] is too small & [reactants] is too large
Reacting system must proceed in the forward direction (to the right/products)
What does LeChatelier’s Principle state
If a system is subjected to some form of ‘stress’ the system will shift in a way that reduces stress and re-establishes eq’m
What are the four type of stresses should be considered in LeChatelier’s Principle
A change in concentration
Change in temperature
A change in pressure
Introduction of a catalyst
How does concentration affect the shift
If a reactant is increased, the fwd rxn will temporarily be favoured to decrease [B] and re-establish eq’m, and system will shift right
If a product is increased, the rev rxn will temporarily be favoured to decrease [c] and re-establish eq’m, and system will shift left
How does change in temperature affect K and the shift for an exothermic rxn
If T is increased, product is being added and system shifts left
K = [products]/[reactants], so K must decrease
If T is decreased, product is being removed and system shifts right
K = [products]/[reactants], so K must increase
How does change in temperature affect K and the shift for an endothermic rxn
If T is increased, reactant is being added and system shifts right
If T is decreased, reactant is being removed and system shifts left
K = [products]/[reactants], so K must decrease as T decreases
How does pressure affect the shift
If volume decreases, the reacting system will favour the side w fewer moles of gas, so the system shifts right
If volume increases, the reacting system will side w more moles of gas, so system shifts left
This is bc if V decreases, P increases
How does a catalyst affect the shift
It doesn’t
What is the equation for K(a) with the equation HA + H2O <- → A- + H3O+
K(a) = [A-] [H3O+] / [HA]
How can pH be used to calculate Ka
With pH, H3O can be calculated, then letting Ka be calculated
What is percent ionization
Expresses the fraction of molecules that ionized as a percentage of the initial concentration of acid
What is the equation for K(b) with the equation B + H2O <- → HB+ + OH-
K(b) = [HB+] [OH-] / [B]
What is the K(w) constant
K(a) X K(b) = K(w)
K(w) = 1.00 X 10^-14
What are the strong acids (and therefore weak conjugate bases)
HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HCLO3, HCLO4
What are the strong bases (and therefore weak conjugate acids)
Strong bases: All alkali metal hydroxides and heavy earth metal hydroxides
Conjugate acids: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Sr, Ba, and Ra (appropriate charge on each)
What is the equivalence point
When moles acid = moles base (sol’n in flask is a salt sol’n)
Why is it important to know the pH of a salt sol’n
So we can select an indicator to signal the endpoint (when the indicator changes colour) of a titration. We need to know what the pH of the sol’n will be when we reach the equivalence point to choose said indicator. The pH where the indicator changes colour needs to be as close as possible to the equivalence point pH.