Child Development

Infant Nutrition

Exclusive breastfeeding recommended until 6 months; only breast milk or iron fortified formula, no cow's milk.

Signs of Hunger in Infants

Sucking motions and rooting indicate hunger; crying is a late sign.

Tongue Extrusion Reflex

Disappears around 4 months, indicating readiness to eat with a spoon.

First Solid Foods for Infants

Rice, oatmeal, and wheat cereals mixed with breast milk or formula.

Introducing New Foods to Infants

Introduce new foods one at a time and serve for 3-5 days to monitor for allergies.

Finger Foods for Babies (6-8 months)

Examples include dry cereal, soft vegetables, and peeled soft fruits.

Juice for Babies (6-8 months)

Can give 1-2 oz of diluted non-citrus juice.

Nutritional Needs for Toddlers (1-3 years)

High calcium and iron; milk intake should be 16-24 oz per day.

Introducing Meat to Infants (8-10 months)

Introduce meat for protein, which must be shredded.

Meal Structure for Toddlers (1-3 years)

Offer a diet with 3 meals and healthy snacks, and do not substitute unhealthy options.

Food Jags

Common among 3-4 year olds, wanting to eat just one specific food.

Obesity in Children

Children at or above 95% need monitoring as they have a 50% chance of being obese adults.

Recommended Daily Caloric Intake for 6-12 years

1400 - 2100 calories per day.

Food as a Reward

Food should never be used as a reward.

Developmental Milestone: 1 Month

Head lag, strong grasp reflex, and feeling safe with caregiver.

Developmental Milestone: 2-3 Months

Holds head on shoulders and interacts with familiar faces.

Developmental Milestone: 4 Months

No head lag, rolling from back to side; laughs and imitates.

Developmental Milestone: 5-6 Months

Able to roll over; babbles and begins separation anxiety.

Pincer Grasp Development (7-8 months)

Starts to use pincer grasp (thumb and index finger).

Developmental Milestone: 12 Months

Can walk holding someone's hand and can build a 2-block tower.

SIDS Concern

Concern for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome until 1 year.

Effective Communication by 15 Months

Exhibits understanding of commands and communicates desires.

Development of Autonomy (1-3 years)

Focus on separation, with power struggles and temper tantrums.

Social Skills Development (3-6 years)

Begins making friends and practicing self-control.

Developmental Milestone: 5 Years

Understanding past and future events, capable of counting to 10.

Risky Behaviors in Adolescents (12-18 years)

Heightened risk-taking behaviors such as driving and substance use.

Metalinguistic Awareness

Enjoyment of jokes and riddles; improves with exposure.

Erikson's Stage: Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy stage where child learns trust as needs are met.

Piaget's Stage: Sensorimotor

Infants use senses and motor skills to learn about the world.

Erikson's Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Toddler stage where child seeks independence.

Piaget's Stage: Preoperational

Toddler stage focused on symbolic thought and language.

Erikson's Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool stage promoting the development of conscience.

Piaget's Stage: Concrete Operational

School-age children develop rational judgment and thinking.

Erikson's Stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescents focus on establishing their own identity.

Piaget's Stage: Formal Operational

Adolescents develop capabilities for hypothetical and deductive reasoning.

Child Development Concern at 18 Months

If not walking, not speaking 15 words, or not recognizing household items.

Separation Anxiety in Toddlers

May re-emerge around 24 months of age.

Safety Risks during Adolescence

Physical injuries are the leading cause of death due to confidence in abilities.

Importance of Healthy Snacks (6-12 years)

Regular meal times and healthy snacks are essential.

Extended Breastfeeding Guidelines (1-3 years)

Toddlers can still be using extended breastfeeding.

Nutrition for School Age Children

High calcium and iron with some fats; avoid obesity.

Developmental Milestone: 18 Months

Throws ball overhand; uses spoon and stack blocks.

Development of Self-Control

Begins in preschool years, impacting social interactions.

Leading Cause of Death for Adolescents

Physical injuries due to increased risk-taking behavior.

Development of Abstract Thinking

Children develop the ability to think abstractly in middle childhood.

Power Struggles in Early Childhood

Common as children assert independence and identity.

Eating Habits in Adolescence

Independence increases, but inadequate diet can hinder growth.

Toddler Meal Structure

1/4 of normal adult portion; room temperature and bite-sized.

Importance of Routine in Toddler Years

Children rely on routines and security items for comfort.

Concerns for 30-36 Months

Difficulty with stairs, separation issues, and lack of interest in peers.

Nutrition Influence in Early Childhood

Important for growth and may impact obesity later in life.

Language Development at 24 Months

Uses 50-300 words and can form 2-3 word sentences.

Attendance of Autonomy in Preschoolers

Preschoolers who are criticized will doubt their abilities.

Intervention for Autism Diagnosis

Important to assess language and social behaviors during developmental milestones.

Self-Image Formation in Adolescents

Self-esteem improves with accomplishments during school years.

Logical Reasoning Development

Facilitates during the concrete operational stage.

Risk of ADHD in School Age Children

Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Understanding of Object Permanence

Infants develop understanding by 11 months.

Family Influences on Child Nutrition

Family meals and routines play a role in dietary habits.

Emotional Regulation Development

Begins in early childhood and requires guidance.

Nutrition and Academic Performance

Good nutrition is linked to better focus and learning outcomes.

Infant Safety Precautions

Ensure safety from SIDS and other infant hazards until 1 year.

Physical Growth Patterns

Slow and progressive in school-age children.

Developmental Milestones Importance

Help caregivers and educators to assess child growth effectively.