AP Psychology Collegeboard Unit 7

Homeostasis

Body's ability to maintain internal stability and balance in response to external changes.

Drive

Internal psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need or achieve a goal.

Drive Reduction Theory

inbalance in drive

Incentive Theory

Suggests motivation is driven by external stimuli or rewards associated with behaviors.

Evolutionary Theories

Propose behaviors and processes have evolved over time for survival and reproduction advantages.

Biological vs. Social Motives

Innate physiological vs. learned or acquired needs driving behavior.

Hypothalamus

Brain region crucial in regulating hunger and satiety.

Glucostatic Theory

Proposes blood glucose levels as a primary regulator of hunger and eating behavior.

Insulin

Pancreatic hormone facilitating glucose uptake for energy or storage.

Leptin

Hormone from fat cells suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure.

Obesity

Medical condition with excessive body fat accumulation and associated health risks.

BMI

A measure of body weight relative to height.

Set Point

Genetically predetermined weight range the body strives to maintain.

Sexual Response Cycle

Four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Sex vs. Gender

Biological vs. societal roles, behaviors, and attributes.

Gender Differences in Sexual Activity

Variances in sexual activity frequency, attitudes, motivations, and behavior patterns.

Gender Differences in Mate Preference

Varied mate preferences influenced by evolutionary, social, and cultural factors.

Sexual Orientation

Enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and sexual attractions to same, opposite, or both genders.

Achievement Motive

Psychological drive to excel, succeed, or accomplish challenging goals.

Projective Test

Psychological assessment tool revealing unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test where individuals create stories based on ambiguous pictures to provide insights into their unconscious thoughts and emotions.

Physiological Response

Changes in the body's physiological state, such as increased heart rate, sweating, or hormone levels, associated with emotion.

Subjective Experience

The individual's conscious experience of emotion, including feelings of joy, fear, anger, or sadness.

Expressive Behavior

Emotions expressed through facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and nonverbal cues.

Affective Forecasting

The process of predicting one's future emotional states or reactions to specific events, influencing decision-making and well-being.

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Measures changes in skin conductivity in response to emotional arousal or stress, indicating physiological arousal and emotional intensity.

Polygraph

A device measuring physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, GSR) to detect lies based on distinct physiological changes.

Brain Areas Influencing Emotions

Regions like amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula that play a crucial role in processing and regulating emotions.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences by modulating the intensity of emotional responses.

Six Fundamental Emotions

Universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise) characterized by distinct facial expressions and physiological responses.

Display Rules

Social and cultural norms dictating how, when, and where emotions should be expressed or suppressed in different social contexts.

James-Lange Theory

Theory proposing that emotions arise from physiological responses, with interpretation of arousal leading to specific emotions.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory suggesting that emotional experiences occur simultaneously with physiological arousal, triggered independently by a stimulus.

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Theory stating that emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal within a specific context.

Evolutionary Theory of Emotions

Suggests that emotions have evolved as adaptive responses to environmental challenges and threats, serving important functions for survival and reproductive success.

Walter Cannon

An influential physiologist known for his contributions to stress, homeostasis, and the fight-or-flight response, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Masters & Johnson's Human Sexual Response

A four-stage model describing physiological and psychological processes during sexual arousal and activity: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Robert Trivers's Parental Investment Theory

Theory suggesting that differences in parental investment between males and females have shaped mating strategies and sexual behavior.

Alfred Kinsey's 7-Point Scale

A scale measuring sexual orientation, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, used to assess individuals' sexual orientation.

David McClelland

A psychologist known for his research on motivation and personality, and the concept of 'need for achievement' as a fundamental human motive.

John Atkinson's Three Determinants of Achievement Behavior

Factors influencing achievement behavior: achievement motivation, probability of success, and incentive value.

Overjustification Effect

Occurs when external rewards decrease intrinsic motivation to engage in a particular activity, making it less enjoyable or interesting.

Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)

Proposes that performance on a task is influenced by the level of arousal, following an inverted-U-shaped curve.

Environmental factors influencing hunger

Package size, plate shape, lighting, socializing, and variety

Excitement Phase and vasocongestion

genitals become engorged in the blood (men and women) and women will lubricate

Plateau Phase

excitement peaks, breathing, pulse increases, the tip of penis may exhibit seminal fluid, clitoris retracts

Orgasm

muscle contractions all over the body

women's contractions actually help propel sperm and position uterus to increase the chances of conception

Men and women only aware of rhythmic genital contractions

Women may be multiorgasmic.

Resolution Phase

everything slows down and men enter a refractory period

which can last from minutes to over a day

where he is incapable of another orgasm.

3 parts of emotion

subjective experiences, physiological responses and behavioral responses.

Master & Johnson's Human Sexual Response

The sexual response cycle,

david buss

men place very high importance on youth

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

McCrae & Costa's Five-Factor Model

a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.

Pleasure Principle

the psychoanalytic idea that people's psychological processes and actions are motivated by the id,

Reality Principle

the segment of personality based on logical decisions to preserve the safety of an individual

Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

The conscious mind involves thoughts that someone is aware of at any given moment. The preconscious mind involves things that can be brought into consciousness at any time. The unconscious mind includes the thoughts and feelings that exist outside of one's conscious awareness.

Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology

explore the human psyche and explain human behavior

Collective Unconscious

the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.

Personal Unconscious

consists of painful memories and thoughts a person doesn't want to confront

Archetypes

symbol, dream or image that all humans share, which express underlying fears or ideas we all experience.

Defense Mechanisms: Repression, Projection, Displacement, Sublimation,

repression: not remembering

projection:when someone attributes his or her own feelings to another person or group.

displacement: showing feeling to someone else

sublimation:Rechanneling emotions into a socially acceptable activity

Reaction Formation, Regression, Rationalization, Identification

Reaction Formation- when someone expresses an exaggerated, opposite version of how they actually feel

Regression- when faced with anxiety, a person retreats to an infantile stage

Rationalization- excuses for behavior that make it okay

Identification- identifying with a group of people to boost self esteem

Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

During the oral stage, the child derives pleasure from sucking and biting. During the anal stage, the child derives pleasure from excreting waste. During the phallic stage, the child derives pleasure from the genitalia. During latency, sexual pleasure is repressed.

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Libido

a term used in psychoanalytic theory to describe the energy created by survival and sexual instincts

Oedipus & Electra Complex

where young boys feel attracted to their mother and feel jealousy toward their father

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

theory of personality that focused on the uniqueness of each person and denied the universality of biological motives and goals ascribed to us by Freud

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Theory

relies heavily on how the past has affected an individual's psychological states

Sigmund Freud

human personality, including its emotions and desires, arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint

Id, Ego, Superego

The id is the storage of unconscious thoughts

ego- the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

superego- represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Striving for superiority

the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges

Compensation

psychological defense mechanism when a person tries to "make up for" a perceived area of weakness in their life.

Birth Order

the ordinal position of a child in the family

Behaviorism perspective

explains behavior through conditioning

BF Skinner's views on personality (determinism & response tendencies)

people have consistent behavior patterns because they have particular kinds of response tendencies

Albert Bandura- reciprocal determinism

person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

Self-efficacy

a concept that entails an individual's belief in accomplishing their goals and believing in their ability to successfully complete a task.

Walter Mischel & person-situation controversy

The debate among psychologists about whether it is personality traits or the situation at hand that influences personality more

Humanism perspective

a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization

Carl Roger's person centered theory

emphasizes empathy and unconditional positive regard when working with clients

self-concept

the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves

Abraham Maslow's theory of self actualization

where every person wants to end up

incongruence

when the real self does not align well with the ideal self

Stress

A state of psychological tension

Primary appraisal

An initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you

Secondary appraisal

An evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress

Frustration

feeling or state of being of irritation or anger due to something blocking the achieving of a goal.