Biology Chapter 1

Gen Bio Chapter 1 Flashcards.

Proof of Common Ancestry

Common set of chemical compounds, use of environment for energy and synthesizing new molecules, homeostasis, and universal genetic code

Formation of earth and life

Earth formed 4.6 to 4.5 billion years ago, life around 600 million years after earth.

Necessary for first life on earth:

Nucleic acids, proteins

Four Macromolecules of life:

Lipids, Proteins, Carbs, Nucleic Acids

Liposomes

Spherical sac of water enclosed by lipids

Prokaryotes:

Bacteria, Archea

Eukaryotes:

Emerged much later, share a common ancestor with Archea, contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus.

Photosynthesis:

Process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. First appeared through Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes that can photosynthesize)

Aerobic Metabolism:

More efficient than anaerobic metabolism, use of oxygen as an electron carrier to convert macromolecules into ATP. used by most organsism today

Anaerobic metabolism:

Breaking down macromolecules for energy without the use of oxygen, seen through lactic acid fermentation and glycolysis.

Cell specialization:

The ability for cells within the same organism to differentiate their functions and serve different purposes even though they have the same genetic makeup

Cellular hiercarchy:

Cells → tissues → Organs → Organ system → Organism

Homeostasis

Maintenance of specific conditions within an organisms internal environment

What does regulation require?

Sensory Mechanisms

Effector vs Signaling mechanisms

Signaling mechanisms signal what is happening while effector mechanisms act on that information

Ecological hierarchy

Individual → population → community → ecosystem

Populations

Groups of individuals of the same species that interbreed

Purines

AG, double ringed structure

Pyrimidines

CT, single ringed structure

Hydrogen Bonds

CG3, AT2

Charles Darwin

Argued that natural selection was the natural driving force for evolution in nature

Natural Selection

a trait that confers an increase in the probability that its possesor will survive and reproduce will increase in a population over time

Adaptations

Traits that enhance an organsism chance of survival

Genomics

The comparison of organsism through their DNA sequences

Genus

Group of Species that share a recent common ancestor

Inductive logic:

Use of preexisting facts and conditions to develop a hypothesis

Deductive logic

Deducting what else must be true or factual if a hypothesis is true

Controlled Experiments

Manipulating one variable while holding all others constant

Comparative experiments

Compare data from populations that differ in more ways than one

Statistics in experiments

Used to predict the chance that observed differences in an experiment are due to random variation

Null Hypothesis

No differences exist

Model systems

The use of one organism to understand another. only possible becuase of common ancestry

Science

Testable, reproducible, and quantifiable

Nonscience

Religious or spiritual phenomena that cannot be tested