Urinary system and pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines

The Urinary system is made up of:

Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Kidney

produce and secrete urine

Ureter

tubes leading from kidneys to the urinary bladder

Urinary bladder

reservoir for urine

Urethra

small tube from the bladder that discharges urine outside the body

Renal

pertaining to the kidney; a ultrasound may be ordered

Neph

Prefix meaning kidney

Kidneys are located in the?

retroperitoneum in the lumber region

The kidney lie on each side of the?

Spine between the peritoneum and the back muscles

Left kidney is little nearer to?

median plan compared to the right

With respiration, both kidneys ______.

move

With Inspiration both kidneys are?

descended downward

Which kidney is slightly lower than the other?

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left (2-8cm)

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

because of the liver; the liver displaces the right kidney inferiorly; and has a slightly shorter ureter

The kidney move?

readily with respiration 1-2 inches.

The kidneys are located in _____space in the lumbar region.

perirenal

Perirenal

around the kidney

Pararenal

near the kidney

Both kidneys usually have the same measurement, but the _______ could be bigger than the _____.

The left could be bigger than the right by 1.5-2cm

Each kidney measures

9-12 cm length, 4-5cm wide, 4-5cm height

Renal hilum

slit on medial aspect of kidney where structures enter

and exit.

Renal vein and Ureter

exit kidney

Renal artery

enters the kidney

Which structures exit and enter the kidney?

Renal vein and ureter exit

Renal artery enter

The anterior surface of the right

kidney is related to

-Liver

-Second part of duodenum

- Inferior vena cava

-Ureter

-Ascending colon

-Hepatic flexure of the colon

The anterior surface of the left

kidney is related to:

- Left adrenal gland

- Pancreas

- Spleen

- Stomach

- Descending colon

- Splenic flexure of the colon

- Loops of jejunum

Posterior surface relations to the kidney

- Psoas muscles

- Quadratus lumborum muscles

- P a r a r e n a l fat

- 11th and 12th ribs

- Posterior layer of Gerota's fascia

- Perirenal fat

Posterior to both kidneys are the what muscles?

psoas muscle and the qudratus lumborum muscle?

Lateral to both kidney are what muscles?

the transversus muscle

Morison's pouch

Also called the hepatorenal recess or subhepatic

recess. Is a peritoneal space separating the right

kidney and the liver.

Morison's pouch is one of the most _______ spaces in the abdomen, having the potential to _______.

Dependent peritoneal, abnormally fill with fluid

Each kidney is protected and stabilized by; List from deep to superficial

Fibrous capsule (renal capsule), perinephric fat, renal fascia (Gerota's fasca), and pararenal fat

Fibrous capsule (renal capsule)

covers the outer surface of entire organ

Perinephric fat

adipose tissue surrounds renal capsule. Cushions the kidneys

Renal fascia (Gerota's fascia)

thin layer of connective tissue. Helps anchor the kidneys to the abdominal wall

Pararenal fat

fat between the renal fascia and the parietal peritoneum

Kidney external features

Bean shaped, upper and lower poles, lateral convex and a medial concave border, anterior and posterior

Lateral surface is?

Convex

Medial surface is?

concave

Vertical cleft is called the

Renal Hilus

What enters and exits at the Hilus?

Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Which layer of supportive tissue anchors the kidney?

Renal Gerota's fascia

Which layer of supportive tissue is the fatty cushion?

Perirenal fat capsule

Which layer of supportive tissue adheres to the kidney and prevents spread of infection?

Fibrous capsule

The anatomy of the kidney is broke up into two major functioning areas:

The parenchyma and the renal sinus

The Parenchyma

Area from the renal sinus to the outer renal surface

Parenchyma consists of:

cortex and medulla

Cortex of Parenchyma

outer portion (layer) of the parenchyma

responsible for blood filtration and includes the

Columns of Bertin

Medulla of Parenchyma

inner portion of the parenchyma.

Location for re-absorption to occur and produce

The medulla of the Parenchyma includes:

cone-shaped renal pyramid

separated by renal columns, form lobes

empty into minor calyces

Renal pyramids

Each kidney has between 7 and 15 conical or triangular pyramids that are dispersed uniformly throughout the medulla

The renal pyramids consist primarily of tubes;

through which the urine travels to empty into the renal pelvis

Renal pyramid orientation

Base - faces the cortex (outer layer of the kidney_

Tip (renal papilla) - projects into the renal sinus (inner collecting space)

Renal columns

Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids

Extend into medulla

lobe of kidney

pyramid and surrounding tissue

Column of bertin

Extension of renal cortical tissue which separates the pyramids

Renal sinus

internal cavity within kidney where urine is collected

Renal sinus consist of

renal vessels, renal collecting system (major calyx, minor calx, and renal pelvic) and fat.

Collecting system of kidney

Minor calyx, major calyx, and renal pelvis

Minor calyx

a cup-shaped (funnel-

shaped tube) collecting urine from the

renal papilla.

Urine passes from the?

minor calyx to the major calyx

Major calyx

a large funnel-shaped chamber into which four or five minor calyces drain (collecting urine from the

several minor calyces).

Renal pelvis

the expanded or widened portion of the proximal ureter

Functions of kidney

Excretion and regulation

Functions of kidney; excretion

metabolic wastes results in urine formation

Function of kidney; regulation

maintains water and electrolyte balance

regulation of acid - base balance of blood

At the hilum, the renal artery?

At the hilum, the renal artery is posterior to the renal vein

Renal artery is a?

lateral branch of abdominal aorta

The renal artery arises?

inferior to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

The left renal artery arises _______ than the right.

higher

The right renal artery is __________ and passes posterior to the ______

longer, posterior to the IVC

Kidney is drained by?

Several veins which together form the renal vein

The left renal vein accepts tributaries from the:

Left adrenal vein

left gonadal vein

lumbar vein

Left adrenal vein enters the?

left renal vein superiorly

Left renal vein

course from the left kidney posterior to the SMA and anterior to the aorta to enter the IVC

Left renal vein is __________ and __________ than the right renal vein

longer and larger than the right renal vein

Right renal vein

course from the right kidney directly into the IVC

Renal capsule on image

echogenic line

Renal parenchyma on image

outer cortex and inner medulla pyramid

Central sinus complex on image

high echogenicity (vessels, fat, and fibrous tissue)

Ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. About 25cm long

Ureters enter _______ corners of the bladder

posterolateral

In the upper pelvis the ureter lies?

anterior to the internal iliac artery and posterior to the ovary

The urinary bladder is a large;

muscular bag located posterior to the pubic symphysis

Adrenals

surrounded by Gerota's fascia with the kidney

Rt adrenal

pyramidal shaped

Lt adrenal

crescent shaped

Cortex adrenal

yellow outside

Medulla adrenal

dark brown the center

Adrenals secretes?

hormones

The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the?

inferior phrenic artery

The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the?

abdominal aorta

The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the?

renal artery

Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the

suprarenal veins

The right suprarenal vein drains into the?

IVC

The left suprarenal vein drains into the?

left renal vein

pancreas relation to stomach

it is posterior to stomach

where is the pancreas in terms of the peritoneum

retroperitoneal

what region does pancreas lie in?

epigastric and left hypochondriac

the thickest part of the pancreas

head