examples from essay plans

a large proportion of MNCs are American

McDonalds is in 119 countries

US dominates IGOs

part of the P5

effective veto in the IMF

ideological power

America set the liberal standard for IR

UN founded in 1945 on liberal principles

Washington consensus of neo-classical free trade policies

cultural globalisation has created an international market

2020 South Korean film Parasite won an Oscar

globalisation benefits emerging countries

China has become worlds largest economy when using PPP since 20017

China joined WTO 2001 and is worlds largest exporter

countries are becoming more protective over borders and limiting free trade

brexit 2016

election of Trump 2016 and 2024

example of sovereignty being pooled

EU

Maastricht Treaty 1992 making the EU a quasi federal state

internet influences citizens

BLM movement in 2020

Facebook led to the Arab Spring 2010

countries are forced to make conditions to attract FDI

Susan Strange ‘markets are masters of governments’

2003 Luiz de Silva (President of Brazil) had to abandon socialist principles to attract FDI

Ireland had corporation tax rate of 12.5%

States can withdraw from treaties and IGOs

Trump left Paris Climate Agreement 2017 and 2025

Brexit 2016

states can make exclusive decisions about determining rights

UK sets NMW and NLW even though it may deter FDI

homosexuality is still illegal in 1/3 of countries

principle of conditioned sovereignty like R2P is not followed consistently

No intervention from international community of Syria’s human rights abuses

due to Russia’s veto in the UNSC 3 times

states can no longer insulate themselves from external shocks

2008 global financial crash

powerful nations can bypass IGOs

US and UK bypassed UNSC over invasion of Iraq 2003

state sovereignty has been weakened or pooled by regional bodies

EU 1992 and the Machsritct Treaty

created the EU into a quasi-federal state

states can pulled out of agreements and maintain their sovereignty

Trump pulled out of the Paris Climate Agreement

Brexit

developed countries priorities rights and not conditions for MNCs

UK sets NMW and NLW even though higher costs could deter FDI

how developing countries have benefitted from globalisation

China is the worlds largest exporter and achieved 7.9% growth in 2021

examples of local businesses loosing out because of globalization

rice is Ghana

groundnuts in Sierra Leone

agriculture in Jamaica

globalization aids development due to countries investing in eachother

China investing in Zambia to build a port

globalisation creates ‘race to the bottom’

6 sites in Guangzhou had people working over 75 hour weeks

development banks don’t spend enough to aid development

world bank spent $117.4bn in 2024 and US defense budget was 8 times that

MDGs and SDGs aid development

World Bank met MDG1 to half world poverty

international law has moral persuasive powers

ECHR has 90% compliance rate

May changed Section 44 of the Terrorism Act

example of HR law as soft law

in 2016 Turkey suspended membership to the ECHR after military coup

political globalization encourages global cooperation

COP 29 secured $300m for low lying countries

social progress as a result of political globalisation isn’t recognized

Taliban banned education for 1.4m girls in 2021

global trade has increased access to consumer goods

45% of worlds population have phone which raises living standards

globalisation has led to an increase in inequality

2021 China’s gini coefficient was 0.466

globalisation has led to increased tensions from the Islamic World (Huntington)

Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

how has economic integration made the world more multipolar

China controls a lot of US debt after the 2008 Financial crash

10% of Germany’s economy is connected to China

expansion of IGOs shows multipolarity

G7 expanded to the G20

countries still act in their own self-interest

collapse of the Doha Round

how many members in the EU

27 members