chapter 4 apush updated (USE THIS ONE)

What was the primary reason for the repeal of the Stamp Act by England

Economic pressure from colonial boycotts and English merchants' pleas due to lost markets

What act did Parliament pass on the same day as the repeal of the Stamp Act, asserting its authority over the colonies

The Declaratory Act

What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763

To forbid white settlers from advancing beyond the Appalachian Mountains and to control westward expansion by London, limiting conflicts with tribes

What economic theory guided the British Empire in the 18th century, aiming to increase national power through economic regulation

Mercantilism

Name two important crops in the colonial economy that relied heavily on slave labor.,Tobacco and sugar

What was the encomienda system in Spanish America

A system where leading men were granted land and the natives living on it became a coerced labor force

Why did the Spanish begin importing enslaved Africans to the Americas

Native Americans were dying from European diseases and knew the land well, making escape easier

Name the top two groups in the Spanish cast system based on racial ancestry.,Peninsulares (born in Spain) and Creoyos (Spanish born in the Americas)

What was Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy in the 17th and 18th centuries where regulations on the colonies were loosely enforced, fostering a sense of independence

What was the Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin's proposal for one general government for the colonies to unite against rivals, though it was not approved

What was the Iroquois Confederacy known for in its dealings with European powers

Playing the French and English against each other to maintain a balance of power, and engaging in commercial relationships as business partners

What were the three main stages of the French and Indian War

1. Fort Necessity conflict in North America, 2. International conflict between French/English governments, 3. William Pitt's intervention by reimbursing colonists and dispatching troops

What did the Peace of Paris in 1763 determine regarding territories

Britain gained Canada from France and Florida from Spain; France received Guadeloupe and Martinique; Spain received Cuba and the Philippines

What was the Sugar Act of 1764 designed to do

Eliminate illegal sugar trade, strengthen enforcement of sugar duties, and try accused smugglers in vice admiralty courts

What was the Stamp Act of 1765

A tax imposed on most printed documents in the colonies, intended purely to raise revenue for Britain

Why did colonists object to the Stamp Act despite the stamps not being expensive

They believed it was a direct attempt to raise revenue without their consent and set a dangerous precedent for future taxation

Who was Patrick Henry and what was his significance during the Stamp Act crisis

A young Virginia aristocrat known for fiery oratory, he introduced resolutions asserting that Americans had the same rights as the English, including taxation only by their own representatives; these were circulated as the Virginia Resolves

What was the Sons of Liberty

A group that organized protests and boycotts against British taxation policies, often taking direct action like terrorizing stamp agents and attacking pro-British officials

What was the difference between an internal and an external tax, according to colonial arguments

Internal taxes were on goods created inside the colonies, while external taxes were on imported goods

What event occurred on March 5, 1770, where British soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five colonists

The Boston Massacre

Who was Samuel Adams and what organization did he propose creating to publicize grievances against England

A leading radical figure who proposed the creation of the Committee of Correspondence in Boston

What famous slogan expressed the American belief that they should not be taxed without having elected representatives in Parliament, and who is credited with coining it

No Taxation Without Representation, coined by James Otis Jr.

What was the Tea Act of 1773 designed to do

Save the British East India Company by allowing it to export tea directly to the colonies without paying navigation taxes, enabling it to undersell American merchants

Why did the Tea Act anger colonists, even though it lowered the price of tea

It enraged colonial merchants by creating a powerful monopoly and revived passions about taxation without representation, setting a dangerous precedent

Describe the Boston Tea Party.,On December 16, 1773, local patriots disguised as Mohawks boarded British ships in Boston Harbor, broke open tea chests, and heaved them into the water

What were the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

A series of four acts passed by Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, which closed the Port of Boston, drastically reduced colonial self-government, permitted royal officers' trials elsewhere, and provided for quartering troops

What was the Quebec Act

An act that provided civil government for French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada, extended Quebec's boundaries, granted political rights to Catholics, and recognized the Roman Catholic Church

What was the primary effect of the Coercive Acts on the colonies

Far from isolating Massachusetts, they made it a martyr and sparked new resistance across the colonies, uniting them

What was the First Continental Congress

A gathering of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies in Philadelphia in September 1774 to coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts

Name two of the five major decisions made by the First Continental Congress.,They rejected a plan for colonial union under British authority, endorsed a statement of grievances, recommended military preparations, agreed to non-importation/exportation/consumption, and agreed to meet again

What event marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War on April 19, 1775

The battles of Lexington and Concord

Who became king of Great Britain in 1760 and brought instability to the British government

George III

What were the internal rebellions that occurred in the 1760s, separate from conflicts with Britain

Uprisings rooted in the class system, such as tenant farmers in the Hudson Valley demanding land ownership and insurgent farmers in Vermont challenging landowners

What was the Mutiny Act of 1765

An act requiring colonists to provide quarters and supplies for British troops in America

How did Townshend attempt to isolate New York when he disbanded its assembly

By singling out New York, he hoped to avoid arousing all colonies at once, a mistake he attributed to Grenville's previous acts

What specific goods were taxed under the Townshend Acts of 1767

Lead, paint, paper, and tea

What was the purpose of establishing a new board of customs commissioners in America under the Townshend program

To strengthen enforcement of commercial regulations and stop rampant corruption in colonial customs houses

Who became Chancellor of the Exchequer and effectively led the British administration after William Pitt was incapacitated by illness

Charles Townshend

What did American colonists consider the suspension of the New York assembly to be

An assault on the rights of one provincial government, setting a precedent for the annihilation of the rights of all of them

What was the virtual representation theory held by the English

The belief that members of Parliament represented the interests of the entire nation and empire, regardless of whether a particular geographic area elected a representative

What was the actual representation belief held by Americans

The belief that every community was entitled to its own representative, elected by its people and directly responsible to them

How did the Gaspee affair in 1772 further inflame American opinion

British authorities sent a special commission to America with power to send accused attackers back to England for trial, instead of trying them in colonial courts

What role did colonial women play in the resistance activities, particularly during the tea boycott

They were among the principal consumers of tea and became leaders in the effort to boycott it, forming groups like the Daughters of Liberty and creating homespun alternatives to British goods

What philosophical ideas, notably from John Locke, contributed to the emerging ideology of revolt in the colonies

Ideas of natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the social contract, where government protects these rights in exchange for some individual liberty

What was the primary motivation for the British government to increase its involvement in the colonies after the French and Indian War

England was saddled with enormous debts and responsible for vast new lands, requiring increased revenue and tighter administration

Why were American colonists upset about the Proclamation Line of 1763, despite the British reasoning

They had just fought a war to gain the right to move into those western territories, and they largely ignored the proclamation

How did William Pitt initially abuse his power during the Seven Years War

Through impressment, seizing supplies and equipment from local farmers and offering shelter to British troops without compensation

What was the Currency Act of 1764

An act that required colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper money and to retire all existing paper money on schedule

What was the economic impact of the British government's policies after 1763 on the colonies

The flow of funds from wartime spending stopped, leading to an economic depression and rising anxieties about permanent economic stagnation and a declining standard of living

What pamphlet by Thomas Paine, published in January 1776, greatly influenced colonists towards independence

Common Sense