BIO104 Test 2 review

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Foraminifera

One of a group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface waters and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean's carbonate sediments.

Basidiomycota

club fungi(mushrooms)

Angiosperms

Flowering Plants

Protostome

an animal whose mouth is formed from first opening before anus

Arthropoda

invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.

Chordata

Vertebrates

Genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Evolution

Change in allele frequency over time

Darwin

Evolution in 1859

Mendel

Inheritance in 1865

L.U.C.A

Last universal common ancestor

Autopoiesis

Self moving and self maintaining

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

Aves

Birds

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another

Phylogenetics

the study of evolutionary relationships among species

Deuterostome

Organisms whose anus forms before their mouth

Directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

Stabilizing selection

form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

Disruptive selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Speciation

The formation of a new species

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation due to location

Sympatric Speciation

New species arises in the same location as other species

Adaptive Radiation

a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

Archaea

Domain of single celled prokaryotic organisms

Biological species concept

If a group of individuals can reproduce and create fertile offspring

Chemolithotrophs

organisms that generate energy by the oxidation of inorganic molecules for biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration, “rock eaters”

Cambrian explosion

When most of the major animal groups started to appear in the fossil record

Chemical Evolution

the assumption that on a primitive earth a mixture of simple chemicals assembled into more complex molecular systems and eventually life.

Detritivore

An animal which feeds on dead organic matter

Ecology

1. the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Gaia Hypothesis

Hypothesis that Earth and its biological systems behave as a huge single entity

Holometabolous metamorphosis

like butterflies and shit where they turn into sum else

Homologous traits

traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry

Analogous traits

Similar characteristics that occur because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationship

Lateral gene transfer

transfer of DNA via two coexisting organisms, one may be dead

Vertical gene transfer

Transfer of genes and dna from parent to offspring

Morphological species concept

the idea that groups of individuals that are morphologically similar to one another and are morphologically distinct from other such groups

Nomenclature

the system of naming things

Oviparous

producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent

Parsimony

Idea that out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

Polyploidy

the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Postzygotic isolation

occurs after members of two different species have mated and produced a zygote. The offspring of such a mating is called a hybrid. Hybrids are frequently unable to reproduce themselves.

Prezygotic isolation

the separation of different species to keep them from creating offspring by preventing the gametes from forming a zygote

Saprotrophs

an organism that feeds on or __derives__ __nourishment__ from __decaying__ organic matter.

Specific epithet

the second element in the Latin __binomial__ name of a species, which follows the generic name and __distinguishes__ the species from others in the same __genus__.

Symbiosis

interaction between two different __organisms__ living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Vicariance

the geographical separation of a population, typically by a physical barrier such as a mountain range or river, resulting in a pair of closely related species.

Viviparous

Among animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother