Final Exam Lecture

Final Exam Lecture, all previous test questions

A and D are correct

In chapter one, you learned the terms parietal and visceral; which of the following statement(s) would accurately use these terms as they pertain to the pleura in the lung?

Select all that apply
A.) the visceral pleura would cover the lungs, the parietal pleura would line the thoracic cavity
B.) the parietal pleura would cover the lungs, whereas the parietal pleura would line the thoracic cavity
C.) the parietal pleura would be the innermost lining, whereas the visceral pleura would be the outermost lining
D.) the visceral pleura would be the innermost lining, whereas the parietal pleura would be the outermost lining

responsiveness

Which necessary life maintaining function would involves the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment of the body and respond
to them?

homeostasis

What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed?

to maintain homeostasis

Generally, what is the result of negative feedback process

It is considered the cause of most disease

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships

Anatomical position is important because ________.

tissues

Similar cells that have a common function are called ________.

cytoplasm

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.

Interphase (s phase), and Mitosis (Mitotic phase)

Cells grow during _____ and divide during _____

DNA synthesis or DNA replication

Prior to any mitotic events taking place, what important process needs to occur (during interphase) in order to ensure two identical copies of the cell are formed?

Microvilli

Which of the following cell extensions would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell by increasing it's surface area?

protein carrier or channel

What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion?

Function and physiology

According to the principle of complementarity, the activities of cells are dictated by their ____
which determines their ______

Osmosis

Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

False

True or False: Most cells in the human body have the same structure.

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

a hypertonic solution

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________.

passive transport

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Hyperplasia, Neoplasia, A tumor

Normal increase in cell number is termed ____; however, an abnormal cell mass that grows out of control is termed _____, which may develop into
_____

C and D are correct

What function(s) do plasma proteins serve within the plasma membrane?

Select all that apply
A.) Transport substances in and out of the cell
B.) Act as receptors for communication purposes
C.) For the basic structure of the plasma membrane
D.) Act as identity molecules

tight junctions

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

Desmosomes

Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

Gap Junction

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another.

Gap Junctions

Present in electrically excitable tissues

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, cleavage occurs and two cells begin to emerge

Anaphase

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes pull away from each other and migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, on the spindle equator.

Early prophase

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and the nucleus disintegrates, thus preparing the cell to divide

Nervous tissue

This tissue type has the ability to respond to stimuli

Connective tissue

This tissue type contains an extracellular matrix, which allows it to withstand tension forces, bear weight, etc. It varies in its vascularity

Muscle tissue

This tissue type functions in organ and/or body movement

Epithelial tissue

This tissue type has an apical an a basal surface that affect its polarity, forms sheets, is avascular, and regenerates easily

forms new capillaries to restore blood supply

What is the purpose of the formation of granulation tissue step during tissue repair?

B and D

What tissue type(s) remain mitotic throughout life?

Select all that apply
A.) Nervous tissue
B.) Epithelial tissue
C.) Skeletal muscle
D.) Blood forming tissues
E.) all of the above

False

True or False: Since many tissues are not mitotic throughout life, that means that if you damage one of these tissues, they cannot grow or be repaired.

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following tissue types is most susceptible to cancer?

simple squamous

A single layered epithelium with flat cells that allow for easy diffusion would be classified as ________.

B

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
A.) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.
B.) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
C.) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.
D.) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.

stratified squamous

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

inflammation

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

elastic

The fiber type that gives connective tissue the ability to stretch and recoil is ________.

Weak

Skeletal muscle has a ____ regeneration capacity

Virtually no functional regenerative ability

Cartilage has _____ regeneration capacity

Virtually no functional regenerative ability

Nervous tissue has _____ regeneration capacity

Virtually has no regenerative ability

Cardiac muscle has _____ regeneration capacity

Regenerates really well

Epithelial tissue has _____ regeneration capacity

Regenerates really well

Bone _____ regeneration capacity

Regeneration and fibrosis

_____ is a type of repair in which tissue is replaced by the same kind of tissue, and ____is a type of tissue repair in which it is replaced largely by scar tissue.

Collagen and elastic

Scar issue is composed mainly of _____, which hinders its function, due to it being less _____

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

Melanocyte

Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.

Merkel Cell

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

Dendritic cell

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.

Keratin

The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

B

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

A.) An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones).
B.) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
C.) Excretion of salts within the sweat.
D.) Lack of pain in third-degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.

A

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

A.) It plays a role in vitamin D synthesis important to calcium metabolism.
B.) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
C.) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
D.) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

C

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

A.) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.
B.) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pick up waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.
C.) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.
D.) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.

in the axillary and anogenital area

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

C

Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched?

A.) keratinocytes - provide sense of touch and pressure
B.) melanocytes - protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
C.) dendritic cells - activate the immune system
D.) tactile cells - protection

Tactile cells

What is a skin sensory receptor for touch

Assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.

Overexposure to UV radiation

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

Stratum Basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. What layer is responsible for cell division and replacment

Increased oily appearance and more acne

What is likely to happen from an increase in sebaceous activty

Sebum

What is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria?

Faster healing of the skin and less scaring

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

Thick, multiple layers of the skin

Protection from mechanical damage

Sweat glands

Protection from chemical damage (e.g. uric acid excretion)

Sweat glands

Body temperature regulation

Dendritic cells and layers of the skin

Protection from microbes

Sebaceous glands and layers of the skin

Protection from dessication

Bacterial infection and overproduction of the sebaceous gland

Acne is cause by

loss of elasticity and collagen, decreased oil production, decrease subcutaneous fat

Wrinkles is caused by

skin inflammation

Dermatitis is

staphylococcus bacterial infection causing water-filled lesions, commonly around the mouth and nose

Impetigo is

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?

 

\- sacral, cervical, lumbar

\- cervical, thoracic, lumbar

\- lumbar, thoracic, cervical

\- cervical, lumbar, thoracic

Provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

 

\- give the body resilience

\- provide an attachment point for muscles that allow movement

\- provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

\- provide a space for the major digestive organs

Protect the brain

Which is the best description for the function of the cranial bones? 

\- house the special sense organs

\- allow introduction of food into the digestive system

\- protect the brain 

\- provide passageways for respiratory gases to move into and out of the body

The lumbar region

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

 

\- the coccyx

\- the cervical region 

\- the lumbar region

\- the sacrum

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

The axial skeleton includes ________.

 

\- the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis

\- arms, legs, hands, and feet

\- the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

\- the skull, the scapula, and the vertebral column

Femur

The pelvic girdle does NOT include the ________.

\- femur

\- ilium

\- ischium

\- pubis

Thoracic cage

Which of the following is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton?

 

\- pectoral girdle 

\- thoracic cage

\- pelvic girdle

\- upper limbs

\- lower limbs

 

All of the above are functions of the skeletal system

 

\- Hormone production

\- Store minerals and fat

\- Hematopoiesis

\- Allow movement by serving as attachment sites for muscles

\- All of the above are functions of the skeletal system

\- A and B are NOT functions of the skeletal system

\- B and C are NOT functions of the skeletal system

\- C and D are are NOT functions of the skeletal system

the nucleus pulposus protects the annulus from potential rupture or herniation

Which of the following is NOT true of  intervertebral discs?

 

\- they absorb shock

\- the annulus fibrosis consists mainly of collagen fibers

Incorrect

\- the nucleus pulposus protects the annulus from potential rupture or herniation

\- the nucleus pulposus consists mostly of a watery, gel-like substance

Central Canals

Which structure contains the small blood vessels and nerves that serve the cells of the osteons in compact bone?

\- central canals

\- lacunae

\- nutrient foramens 

\- osteoblasts

Perforating (sharpey’s fibers)

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

 

\- Volkmann's canals

\- a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage

\- perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

\- the struts of bone known as spicules

Calcium ion levels in the blood

What determines when (and if) bone matrix will be remodeled?

\
\- osteoblasts and osteoclasts

\- sex hormones

\- calcium ion levels in the blood

\- calcitonin

\- sodium ion levels in the blood

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

\
\- interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

\- the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity

\- differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes

\- appositional growth of the medullary cavity

b and d

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

\
\- thoracic vertebrae

\- hip and/or sternum

\- shaft of the humerus

\- head of the femur

\- a and b 

\- b and d

\- b and c

paget’s disease

Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

 

\- osteoporosis

\- rickets

\- osteomalacia

\- Paget's disease

weaker, thinner bones would be the result

If osteoclast activity exceed that of osteoblast activity, which of the following would be the result?

 

\- appositional growth would increase

\- thicker, stronger bones would be developed

\- weaker, thinner bones would be the result

\- bone remodeling would cease

Meatus

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

 

\- foramen

\- meatus

\- trochanter

\- fossa

foramens

Which of the following bone  markings serve as openings for blood vessels or nerves?

 

\- tuberosities 

\- epicondyles

\- fossas

\- foramens

\- trochanters

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

 

\- by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis

\- by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

\- from the edges inward

\- in a circular fashion

growth hormone

sex hormones

hormones

Growth of bones is primarily controlled by:

bone formation, osteoblast

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________, and occurs from ___________________activity.

 

\- cartilage formation, osteocyte

\- bone destruction, osteoclast

\- bone formation, osteoblast

\- bone formation, red blood cell