HIST 202 Dr. Anderson Exam 1

Ming dynasty

Mid 14th century to Mid 17th century
China
Chinese Dynasty
- Important because they wanted silver which lead them to trade with Europe which helped form the world economy and trading system
- rebuilt china after the Black Death! Restoration in villages which created a sense of unity. strong comeback

Columbian exchange

1492-after Columbus found the Americas
Across the Americas and Afro-Eurasia
Movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Columbus' voyages

- rise of New money (merchant class

Economies of Scale devop
- drove the need for the slave trade

Christopher Columbus

Sailed to America in 1492
Was Italian, but sailed for Spain-> landed in the Americas
Wanted to trade with India without having to pay a lot of money from other trade routes so he decided to sail to India, but ended up finding the Americas instead
Began the Columbian exchange
Discovery ended up bringing a lot of wealth to Europe

Vasco da Gama

Late 15th century
Europe/Africa
European explorer
First European to sail around Africa
Begins the "pass system" which sets up European dominance in the Indian Ocean
Cuts out the middleman

Mercantilism

17th and 18th century
All over the world
Motherlands would establish colonies to increase their own wealth. The colonies weren't allowed to trade with other countries
Kicked off stock exchanges which have become a big part of today's economy
Formed the world's economy
Increased life expectancy by bringing nutritious food to Europe
Rise of the middle class

Suleiman the Magnificent

late 15th to mid 16th century
Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey)
Longest reigning emperor of Ottoman Empire
- Finished the codification of laws which made laws more black and white and applicable to everyone
- Introduced new schools which helped educate and centralize the citizens
- largest territory claimed

Janissaries

Ottoman empire-> began as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. Didn't end until early 20th century
Ottoman empire(modern day Turkey)
European boys taken from Balkans who were raised up as slaves in the Islamic religion to become soldiers for the sultan
- protection for the sultan. Insurance policy for him being dethroned
- helped in the expansion of the ottoman state (constantinople!)

Emperor Hongwu

mid 14th century
China
First Ming Dynasty emperor. Commander in Red Turban movement
Founded the Ming dynasty
- Began the culture of splendor, reformed china after the black death
- Increased centralized gov and civil service exam
- ruled by fear and violence
- closed off china to the outside world

Chinese civil service examination

Specifically reinstated during Ming Dynasty-mid 14th-mid 17th century
China
Exam that any Chinese citizen could take to become a government official
- Got rid of hereditary positions which eventually led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty (too many people, not enough government control) Centralized the government
- Allowed citizens to participate in the bureaucracy, which created a sense of duty and loyalty to the empire which allowed the emperor to remain in power.

Zheng He

early 15th century
Ming China
Originally a Muslim, taken and made a unic and became an Important military leader. He commanded the world’s greatest armada and lead 7 naval expeditions. Gigantic Boat
- Established tribute from far away places
- Demonstrated the Chinese culture of splendor
- Showed China was capable of maritime trade/power

Forbidden city

Ming dynasty-late 14/mid 17 century
China
Palace created for Ming rulers: intricate Chinese imperial palace that housed emperor
Showed Ming power/culture of splendor
Consolidated control

Caravel

15 century
Portugal
Ship with square sails and lateen sails. real sturdy
Unlocked European trade
Could travel farther
Spice trade possible

Entrepot

When: 13th century, mostly talked about them in the 15-16th century. Still some today
Where: All over the world, Malacca, Gujarat
What: City where merchants from different cultures and shipping routes go to exchange goods. Trading posts
Why: Spread of good and cultures
Why: Especially brought new wealth to South East Asia→ helped those countries stay stable for a long time
Why: shorter travel time→ paying middlemen less
Why: Hospitality culture in southeast asia
Why: exploited by portuguese

Ferdinand Magellen

When: Early 16th century
Where: All around the world
What: Portuguese explorer. Sets out to sail around the Cape Horn, finds the Strait of Magellan, arrives in the Pacific Ocean, is killed in the Philippines, but surviving crew members sail back to Europe
Why: First circumnavigation of the globe by ANYONE
Why: Found the Strait of Magellan

Encomienda system

When: Started by Columbus and followers in 1494
Where: The Americas
What: A European would be in charge and they would go and exploit the America's. Justification for exploitation-need food and want gold. Crown co-opts the system, make it non-hereditary in 1503
Why: Model for future relationships
Why: Spread of Christianity in the new world

Hernan Cortes

When: 1519-1520
Where: Aztec Empire
What: Set out to conquer the Aztec Empire, there was a revolt where half the Europeans are massacred, gets a larger force and kills the Aztecs
Why: Set forth the steps to conquest. Translators→ alliances→ treachery→ gunpowder/horses→ (smallpox)
- Inspired other conquistadors (pizarro - inca)
Why: perfect example of encomienda system,

Aztec Empire

When: falls early 16th century
Where: central America (modern day mexico)
What: Empire in the Americas. Conquered by Hernan cortes
- Lots of natural resources like Gold, which was exploited by the Spanish, incentivizing further conquest in the Americas for Europe’s economic benefit.
- This exploitation also led to the coerced labor of natives, which killed many of them, leading to the Spanish needing to get slaves from Africa.
- Brutality from the Aztecs caused tribal rivalries, which contributed to the fall of their empire, as Cortes was able to take advantage of that and form alliances that lead to the empire’s fall

Inca Empire

When: fell in early 16th century
Where: America's
What: Empire in the America's. Conquered by Francisco Pizarro
Why: Source of silver for Spain to trade with China
Why: Big market for Europeans(especially Spain)
Why: destabilized the European economy
Why: end of hereditary rule of encomeriendos
Why: coerced labor

Potosi

When: started developing in late 16th century
Where: Modern day bolivia
What: Mine in south america that the Europeans forced Incas to work in
Why: Beginning of coerced labor(essentially slavery)
Why: Massively successful→ 60% of silver came from→ boosts European economy, cheap labor

Sugar

When: became important in the 17th century along with mercantilism
Where: America's
What: Crazy important, Europeans love it, becomes an important part of European diet/culture. Major product of mercantilism
Why: The want for sugar leads to slavery
Why: The want for sugar leads to plantations in the Caribbean and other American places which leads to the dying off of all the natives. They were killed by disease or they were worked to death

Safavid Empire

When: Consolidated power in 1200s. Fell in 1722
Where: Today Iran/Persia. In between Ottoman/Mughal empires
What: Empire of Shiite rulers and subjects. Claimed to be descendants of Mohammed. Distinctly Persian
Why: Haven for Shiites. No religious persecution against Christians
Why: Isfahan's courtyard. Culture of splendor

Shah Abbas

When: Late 16th/early 17th century
Where: Safavid Empire
What: Safavid Empire. Moved capital to Isfahan
Why: Cultural blend from his acceptance of other people. Didn't treat Sunni Muslims
Why: Had a culture of splendor
Why: moved capital to Isfahan

Ottoman Empire

When: Began as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. Didn't end until early 20th century
Where: Modern day Turkey, Northern Africa, Eastern Europe
What: Empire
Why: Began codification of laws which made laws more black and white and applicable to everyone
Why: Established schools which educated the citizens

Mughal empire

When: 16th century
Where: Northern India
What: Empire that lived in a culture of splendor and tolerance
Why: Important because they created a centralized government
Why: Very tolerant of other cultures and religions

Akbar

When: 1556-1605
Where: Mughal empire
What: Mughal emperor. Military genius. Bohemian emperor
Why: Important because he was very tolerant of other cultures and religions
Why: Didn't have a navy, but recognized Europeans and traded with them

Silver

When: Became increasingly important with Mercantilism 15th-15th century-China wants it
Where: Everywhere. Found in the America's-potosi. Very important to China
What: Became a currency. Precious medal valued by Chinese and found in great quantities in America's
Why: Helps increase the world market and motivated European exploration
Why: Aides in the rise of middle class
Why: lead to the enslavement of natives-potosi

Mandate of Heaven

When: Started a lot time ago. Important in start of Ming dynasty late 14th-mid 17th century
Where: China
What: Chinese ruler has blessing from the gods to rule. Ruler can do no wrong, so long as the gods are on his side. When famines or plagues hit, it is a sign that this mandate has been lost
Why: Important because it brought around new dynasty's which brought new ideas and innovations
Why: Inheritance of the crown was hereditary and you didn't need to be noble

Martin Luther

When: Late 15th/early 16th century
Where: Germany
What: A priest? who saw fault in the church and wanted to correct it. They wouldn't change so he organized a new church
Why: Ended the church's epistemological monopoly
Why: Influenced Jean Calvin who brought the reformation to France, but also introduced his own ideas as well

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

When: Late 16th century
Where: France
What: Catholic league went out and murdered as many protestants as they could on the same day all over the country
Why: Significant because more than 10,000 people died→ major act of violence
Why: Strengthened protestant view→ alienated France form protestant countries
Why: result of the reformation

Taj Mahal

When: Early 17th century
Where: India, Mughal Empire
What: Impressive palace
Why: Economic and social dominance
Why: Major part of their culture of splendor
Why: showed Islamic and Persian influence in India

Asante kingdom

When: Started in early 18th century
Where: Western Africa
What: Highly structure political empire built on military strength. Entire economy was based on European slave trade
Why: Fueled the slave trade
Why: Existence proves that Africans profited from slave trade

Middle passage

When: Started in early 16th century. Last shipment in late 19th century. Asante empire
Where: Africa→ America's. Atlantic ocean
What: The sea voyage passage of slaves from Africa to the America's
Why: Great example of their mentality. They didn't care about the slaves at all
Why: Eventually led to the abolition of slave trade
Why: Resources to African leaders and kings

Coerced labor

When: 15th century-19th→ important with slave trade and natives in the new world
Where: America's→ natives
What: More neutral than slavery. A lot of these people still had rights. Worked with existing hierarchy. Owned people's time not people
Why: An essential part of a lot of places→ made colonization really successful
Why: Eventually led to slavery in the new world with African slaves

Tokugawa Japan

Early 17th century-mid 19th century
Japanese dynasty
Japan
Important because the system of honor that came from the daimyos has become a pinnacle of Japanese culture
Education was stressed which lead to educated people

Li Zicheng

Mid 17th century
China
Peasant who became a leader of the rebellion that overthrew the Ming dynasty
Important because he is an important figure in the communist regime today
Led the way for the Qing dynasty to come forth

Qing Dynasty

Mid 17th century-20th century
China
Chinese dynasty ruled by Manchus
Important because they raised taxes which centralized the government more
Printed a lot of things which led to the growth of literacy