PE - EDEXCEL GCSE (Flashcards) (copy)

5 functions of the skeletal system

protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)

4 classifications of bone + each of their functions

• Long (Generates movement, strength and speed, they act as levers enabling the body to move)

• Short (Weight-bearing, shock absorption and spreading loads)

• Flat (Protects vital organs and can also offer a good surface for muscles to attack to

• Irregular (Have unique shapes to perform a range of functions)

All the bones in the body

Mandible, Sternum, Humerus, Ribcage, Pelvis, radius, Ulna, Femur, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, phalanges, Scapula, Carpals, Metacarpals, Tibia, Fibula

Where are immovable joints found?

skull/Cranium

Where are slightly movable joints found?

Vertebrae

The order of the vertebral column from top to bottom is

• Cervical (7 bones)

• thoracic (12 bones)

• sacral (5 bones)

• lumbar (5 bones)

• coccyx (4 bones)

The shin bone is called the ________.

tibia

The calf bone is called the

Fibula

What is a joint?

A joint is where two or more bones meet Joints are important for movement and rotation. All joints allow movement

All joint types

• Pivot

• Hinge

• Ball and socket

• Condyloid

Pivot joints

These joints allow bones to rotate. They are found in your :

• Wrist

• Neck (atlas and axis)

Hinge joints

These are joints that allow only backward and forward motion. They are found in your :

• Knee

• Elbow

• Ankle

Ball and socket joints

When a rounded head of a long bone fits into a cup-shaped end, allowing movement in multiple directions.

They are found in your:

• Shoulder

• Hip

Condyoid joints

When a rounded head of a long bone rests against the end of a bone rather than in a socket. Allowing circular motion

They are found in your :

• Wrist

Flexion

The angle at the joint is decreased. Flexion can be seen as bending

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

• Elbow

Extension

The angle at the joint increases, it is seen as straightening

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

abduction

when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

adduction

when a limb is moved towards the midline of the body

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

rotation

where a limb moves in a circular motion around a fixed joint

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

circumduction

where a limb moves in a circle

Joints that provide it are :

• Shoulder

• Hip

plantar flexion

when toes are pointed away from the shin at the ankle

Joints that provide it are :

• Ankle

dorsi flexion

when toes are raised towards the shin

Joints that provide it are :

• Ankle

pectoralis major

• Located in the chest

• Adduction at the shoulder

deltoids

• Triangular muscle located on the uppermost part of the arm and at the top of the shoulder

• Moves the arm in all directions at the shoulder (e.g. bowling a cricket ball)

latissimus dorsi

• Broad sheet of muscle that extends from the lower region of the spine

• Extension, adduction at the shoulder (e.g. butterfly stroke in swimming)

biceps

• Located at the front of the upper arm

• Flexion of the arm at the elbow

triceps

• Back of the upper arm

• Extension of the arm at the elbow

external obliques

• Located at the side of the abdomen running down to the pelvis

• Rotation and flexion at the waist

Gluteals

• Located at the buttocks

• Adducts and extends the leg at the hips pulling the leg backwards

Hip flexors

• Located in your hip

• flex the hip, helping move the leg and knee up towards the body

Quadriceps

• Located at the front of your upper leg

• Extends the leg at the knee

Hamstring

• Located at the back of your upper leg

• Flex the leg at the knee

Gastrocnemius

• Located on the back of the leg (calf)

• Points the toes (plantar - flexes the ankle), help flex the knee

Tibialis anterior

• Located (running down the shin)

• Pulls the toes up towards the shin (assists with dorsi flexion)

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

attach muscle to bone

3 types of muscle

Voluntary, cardiac, Involuntary

Voluntary muscles

These are muscles that are under your control: you can choose when to contract or relax them.

Involuntary muscles

These are muscles that are not under your control. They contract and relax without your conscious control. They are typically found in the organs, digestive system, urinary systems.

Cardiac Muscles

These are muscles that are only found in the wall of the heart. It is a very specialised type of involuntary muscle - we cannot control when it contracts or relaxes.

vascular shunting

a process where the redistribution of blood occurs and blood flow increases to active areas from inactive areas, typically when exercising, blood is redirected from the digestive system towards working muscles

vasodilation

the widening of the lumen to increase blood flow

vasoconstriction

the narrowing of the lumen to decrease blood flow

antagonistic pair

a pair of muscles that work together to produce movement

agonist

the muscle within the antagonistic pair that is working, contracting and shortening to pull the bone

antagonist

the muscle within the antagonistic pair that is relaxing and shortening

Examples of antagonistic pairs

• Bicep and Triceps : These work together in the upper arm to bend and straighten the elbow joint.

• Quadriceps and Hamstrings :

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isotonic muscle contraction

muscle changes in length with no change in tension

isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length

Examples of antagonistic pairs

• Bicep and Tricep : They are in the upper arm and they work together to bend (flex) and straighten (extend) the elbow joint. This happens in a press up, bicep curl or tricep dip

• Quadriceps and Hamstring : They are in the leg. When the leg straightens, quadricep contracts hamstring relaxes. Hamstring contracts when in th process of kicking the ball for example, (flexes)

• Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior : They are in the leg. Gastrocnemius contracts when plantar flexion happens. Tibialis anterior contracts in dorsi flexion.

type 1 muscle fibres (+adaptations)

known as slow twitch fibres and are suited for low intensity exercise such as a marathon as they can be used for a long time without fatiguing

type 11a muscle fibres. (+adaptations)

known as fast twitch fibres. they are suited to lengthy anaerobic work such as an 800m race and can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue

type 11x muscle fibres (+adaptations)

known as fast twitch fibres. They are used for anaerobic work and can generate a greater force than other fibre types but they fatigue quickly.

4 functions of the CV system

transport, clotting, temperature regulation, protection

Transport in the CV system

• It transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

• The heart pumps oxygen round the body, which releases energy stored in cells.

• The circulatory system carries away waste products that cells produce, such as carbon dioxide and gets nutrients, such as amino acids and water, to the places where they are needed

Protection in the CV system

• The CV system contains white blood cells

• White blood cells help fight against infection and disease and destroy pathogens

Temperature regulation (Thermoregulation) in the CV system

• If your body gets too hot, the blood vessels close to your skin get bigger or dilate (vasodilation). Blood is also diverted towards the surface of the skin to allow more heat to radiate out.

• If your body gets too cold, the blood vessels get smaller or constrict (vasoconstrictions). Blood is also diverted away from near the surface of the skin, so less heat is lost

Clotting in the CV system

• The blood contains platelets

• When we cut ourself, platelets help and clot the blood, preventing excessive bleeding and eventually heals the wound

The heart

• It is a muscular pump

• Has 4 chambers (2 atrium, 2 ventricles)

Atrium

Collect the blood as it comes into the heart

Ventricles

Pump the blood out of the heart

Valves

They are in between the atrium and ventricles making sure that blood cannot flow backwards.

Arteries

• An artery is a blood vessel taking oxygenated blood away from the heart

• Thick walls

• More elastic

• Carry blood at higher pressure

• Carries oxygenated blood (only exception is pulmonary artery)

• They are important in sport because they carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart, sending it on its way around your body to the muscles that need oxygen to respire/contract.

Veins

• A vein is a vessel carrying blood to the heart

• Thinner walls

• Less elastic

• Carries blood at low pressure

• Contains many valves (prevents backflow of blood)

• Veins mainly carry deoxygenated blood (only exception is pulmonary vein)

• Veins are important in sport because they bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart for it to be re-oxygenated and therefore becoming ready for use

Capillaries

• Are microscopic vessels that link arteries with veins

• One cell thick

• Low pressure

• Site of gas exchange. Are wrapped around alveoli

Systole

The process of the heart contracting and pumping out blood

Diastole

The process of the heart relaxing and filling with blood

Components of the blood

• Red blood cells (transport nutrients like oxygen)

• White blood cells (fights infection)

• Plasma (makes the blood turn liquid)

• Platelets (clots the blood)

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, so bloodflow is diverted away from organs of less use

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, Allow more blood to flow through

Vascular shunting

Process that increases blood flow to working muscles during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

Which has stronger thicker walls left ventricle or right ventricle. Why?

The left ventricle has a stronger thicker walls because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the entire body

Name of the wall that separates right and left sides of the heart

The Septum (it prevents blood from flowing back into heart chambers)

gaseous exchange

oxygen moves from air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli

Adaptations of the alveoli for gas exchange

• Large surface area

• Thin walls

• Moist lining

• Rich blood supply

Main components of the respiratory system + the process

• When inhaling, the intercostal muscles contract and life the chest upwards and outwards while the diaphragm tightens and lowers.

• The diaphragm changes from a dome shape to a flatter-shape when we breathe in, and relaxes when we breathe out, moving upwards back into a dome shape.

• These actions open the lungs and create a vacuum inside so that air (with oxygen) can rush in through the nose and mouth, where it is warmed, moistened and filtered.

How does air pass?

The air passes through the trachea into one of two branches called the bronchi, through which air passes into either lung. Smaller branches called bronchioles extend out from the bronchi and at the very ends of these they form millions of tiny sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen passes into the blood so it can be transported around the body.

Oxygen debt

The amount of oxygen needed at the end of a physical activity to break down any lactic acid .

• Oxygen used during anaerobic exercise often results in oxygen debt.

• Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid

Aerobic exercise + equation for aerobic respiration

• Working at a moderate intensity allowing the body time to utilise oxygen for energy production and to work for a continuous period.

• Glucose + oxygen —> CO2 + water + energy

Anaerobic exercise + equation for anaerobic respiration

• When your muscles need more energy, but your body cannot deliver enough oxygen to them, so anaerobic respiration begins.

• Glucose —> energy + lactic acid

Fats can only be respired

Aerobically (slow release of energy)

Carbohydrates can be respired...

aerobically and anaerobically (quick release of energy)

lactic acid

is a by product of anaerobic exercise which leads to muscle fatigue

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart PER BEAT

heart rate

the number of beats per minute

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Cardiac output equation

heart rate x stroke volume

What happens to hr, stroke volume, cardiac output during exercise?

They increase

tidal volume

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath

frequency (respiratory system)

the number of breaths taken per minute

minute ventilation

the amount of air inhaled and exhales per minute

vital capacity

the maximum amount of exhaled air following a maximum inhalation

Short term effects of exercise

Increased body temperature, increased breathing rate, increased heart rate, increase cardiac output

Why is Oxygen required after exercise

To repay oxygen debt

Long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

Joint flexibility(Tendons and ligaments become stronger), increased muscle hypertrophy, bone density, muscular endurance

Short - term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

increased blood flow to muscles, temperature increase, and muscle pliability, as well as the potential for muscle fatigue, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and even nausea in some cases

Capilliarisation

The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise

Long-term effects of exercise on the heart

Lower resting heart rate, hyper Trophy of the heart, cardiovascular endurance

Short -term effects of exercise on the heart

increasing its rate, stroke volume (amount of blood pumped out with each beat), and cardiac output (amount of blood pumped per minute).

Long-term effects of exercise on the vascular system

Lower blood pressure, more red blood cells, Capilliarisation