peps midterm

What are the arthropod subphylum names

Chelicerata, myriapoda, crustacea, hexapoda

Which subphylum is more related to insects than others

Hexapoda

What are some similarities for the arthropod subphylum groups

Hard exoskeleton, jointed legs, hard exoskeleton

What are some traits that are unique to the Crustacea subphylum?

they have 2 pairs of antennae and 5 pairs of legs

What are some traits unique to the Myriapoda subphylum

Many segmented pairs with each having 1 or 2 pairs of legs (think centipede)

What are some traits unique to the Chelicerata subphylum

no antennae and only 2 body parts (think crab)

What are the layers of the integument

basement membrane, epidermis, cuticle

What are the three types of internal mouths

Prognathous (forward), hypognathous (downward), and opisthognathous (backward)

Integument

Hard outer protective layer

What are the layers of the cuticle

Epi-, exo-, endocuticle

What are the functions of the epidermis

manufactures the rest of the integument and secretes components through pores

What are the functions of the epicuticle

protective cement layer, a wax layer that keeps water in and protects from invasion of foreign matter. Contains pheromones and defense compounds

What are the characteristics of the exo and endocuticle?

exo is hard and endo is soft

what does chitin, sclerotin, and resilin do

structural support, hardens, and provides flexibility

What are sclerites

hard exoskeleton plates

What is the tentorium and what is it for?

Cradles the head, allows for muscle attachment for moving antennae

what are the functions of antennae

Smell and touch

What are the functions of the mandibles, labrum, maxilla, and labium

chewing, upper lip, holds food, lower lip

mandibulate mouthpart function

biting/chewing

Haustellate mouthpart function

piercing/sucking

what mouthpart forms the sheath that protects the sclerotized stylets on a mosquito’s mouth

labium

what are some benefits of the compound eye

wide angle field of view, more light is visible, superior motion detection

What segments of the thorax to the wings attatch to

the meso and metathorax

What segments of the thorax do the legs attach to

all three segments!

What are the four wing adaptations/modifications

membranous: transparent cells + veins, Tegmina: leathery forewing, Elytra: hardened forewing, Hemelytra: partially hardened forewing

frenulum

hooks wings together for more smooth flight patterns

hamuli

hooks wings together on a microscopic scale (think velchro)

What are the 5 main leg modifications

running, jumping, swimming, digging, grabbing

Whats the external feature of the abdomen

the ovipositor 

what is an ovipositor

deposits eggs

Malphigean Tubules

excretory organs that remove nitrogenous wastes by transporting them to the hindgut, where their mositure is removed and recycled back into the body. after this whats left, dry pellets, are excreted.

what are spiracles

Valve-like openings in the exoskeleton that regulates passage of air into trachea

whats the trachea

Internal branching network of air- filled tubes that subdivides into smaller and smaller diameters and reaches every part of the body

What are tracheoles

cell at the end of each tracheal branch provides thin, moist interface for gas exchange

in what systematic order does oxygen pass through an insect

through spiracles, trachea, and then tracheoles

what are the primary functions of fat bodies

energy and nutrient storage, supportive during reproduction periods

What are the functions of the rectal pads

recycle moisture and leftover nutrients before they exit the insect’s body. Provide an added layer of defense between the insect and the outside world

oocyte

cell in an ovary that goes on to form an egg

ovariole

a tube shaped unit where eggs develop

micropyle

a pore in the eggs chorion designed for sperm to enter through

chorion

the hard outer layer of the egg

aeorpyle

a pore for gas exchange within the chorion

Embryogenesis

a developmental process that usually begins once the egg has been fertilized

What is the spermatheca

a female organ that stores sperm and allows it to be used at a later time for fertilization; it secretes nutrients to sustain the sperm while it lives there

what does the ectoderm become in the developed insect

the epidermis and nervous system (foregut, hindgut)

what does the mesoderm become in the developed insect

the heart and circulatory system

what does the endoderm become in the developed insect

the midgut

What are parasegments and how many are there for each body part (head, thorax, abdomen)?

developmental embryo segments and there are 14 of them total, 3 in the head, 3 in the throat, and 8 in the abdomen

ametabolous

metamorphosis without noticeable change just an increase in size.

hemimetabolous

An insect life cycle with three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Most notable there is incomplete change

Holometabolous

all four stages of metamorphosis egg, larva, pupa, and adult

What is the purpose of juvinile hormone

to inhibit complete transformations and delay adulthood. it is produced right before a molt

Imaginal discs

sac-like structures within insect larvae that are destined to become adult external features like the head, wings, legs, and genitalia during metamorphosis

benefits of holometaboly

less competition for resources and each stage specializes at a specific task and moves on.

whats the difference between pheromones and allelochemicals

pheremones are a communication from one individual to another of the same species. Allelochemicals are chemical communications between different species

What are the 3 types of allelochemicals

allomones, kairomones, and synomones

allomones

benefits the emitter but does not benefit the receiver

kairomones

substance that benefits the receiver and disadvantages the emitter

synomones

have a benefit for both the receiver and the emitter

ganglia

clusters of nerve-cell bodies that act as "mini-brains" throughout their body

Lek

gathering site for males to court females, competition for females occurs

swarm

large grouping of insects for mating, this creates less inbreeding and isnt a specific location 

where does the sperm meet the egg

in the oviduct

oviparity

expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than live young

ovoviviparity

embryo hatches in egg within the parent

viviparity

live birth

ootheca

a case containing many eggs

parthenogenesis

asexual reproduction

paedogenesis

sexually mature larva giving birth to more larva

homoplasy

similarity in form between different species that dont have a mrca