CH 8 lang aq.

Prepositions: when do they develop?

• at 2 years old

• 1st eng. prepositions: in, on, & to

In & on vs prepositions under or next to kind of order acquisitions?

• 24 months (2 years):

  • in & on

• 36 months (3 years):

  • under

• 40 months (3.3 years):

  • next to

• 48 months:

  • back, front, above, below, bottom, father, sister, brother, mother

• 60 months:

  • before & after

• 60+ months:

What are different styles of speaking called?

• registers

When are children better able to ask for clarification

• mid-elementary school

What tactics are used by preschoolers to stay on topic

• repetition

• using familiar scripts & routines

• engaging in sociodramatic play

  • ex. playing house

• describing the immediate environment

• relying on adult scaffolding

  • this topic maintenance here relies on partner’s speech by:

    • offering choices

    • asking follow-up questions

    • interpreting events

• developing presupposition

What are episodes?

• are short periods/chunks of activity, talking, or play that help children learn how to communicate

  • verbal episodes

  • play episodes

  • story episodes

  • early vocalization episodes

What are chains?

• chaining is when children tell a story by linking events in order

• different types:

  • temporal: told in order

  • focused: follow one main character

  • unfocused: no order and shifted focus

  • casual: events cause each other

What is centering?

• when a child builds a story around one main idea/thing

  • parts of story are connected because they are similar/related

    • ex. “A dog is barking. The dog is running. The dog is eating”

What are heaps?

• how 2 year olds often talk to tell a story

  • separate sentences

  • no order, storyline, or cause-and-effect

  • sentences can be mixed around and still mean the same thing

  • often used to describe what they see

Protonarritives?

• first simple stories told by young children (ages 2-3 1/2)

What are Unfocused temporal chain?

• are early stories where children tell events in time order, but the story jumps between ideas and has no clear main focus or central theme.

• 3-5 years old

How do temporal terms develop

• based on child’s cognitive growth

• order of learning:

  • 1st: before, after (order of events)

  • 2nd: since, until (length of time)

  • 3rd: while (events happening at the same time)

• How they use them

• How children understand them

How do kinship terms develop

1. mother, father, sister, brother

2. son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, parent

3. Uncle, aunt, cousin, nephew, niece

How does storytelling vary with culture

• what is told, how it’s told, and how long it is.

  • content

  • organization

  • length

What factors predict later speech and language impairment among preschool-age kids

• being male

• family & genetics

  • ex. parent education, mental health, parenting style

• cognitive factors

  • slower processing speed

• temperament

  • easily upset/reactive

• environment

  • low SES

What are centering and chaining strategies?

Centering (focus on one topic)

• heaps: unrelated sentences about the same topic (no order)

• centering sequences: simple connections; no time order

Chaining (events in order)

• temporal: events in order (no cause/effect)

• unfocused: events shift; no clear focus

• focused: follow one main character

• casual: events/cause

agent

the one causing the action

Anaphoric reference

Anaphoric reference is when a speaker uses a word (like a pronoun) to refer back to something already mentioned.

How do preschool boys and girls differ in their use of “no”?

• boys: use “no” to correct or prohibit a peer’s behavior

• girls: use “no” to reject/deny a suggestion/proposition

How is the register of politeness achieved?

1. using polite words

2. speaking in gentle tone

3. making indirect requests (ex. “can I have that” vs “gimme”)

What are the possible sources of stalls?

• stalls are pauses or interruptions, (ex. "um" or "uh"), or repetitions of material that do not add to or change the linguistic structure being produced

• possible sources:

  • different processing speeds

  • planning difficultly

  • trouble finding the right word (aka lexical retrieval)

  • fixing speech internally

  • longer sentences that need more planning

  • changing a sentence midway

What are three things that cause difficulty in learning deictic terms?

• point of reference

  • the speaker is the center

  • ex. “here” = where the speaker is

• shifting reference

  • meaning changes when a different person speaks

• Shifting boundaries

  • words like “this/that” “here/there” have flexible meanings depending on the situation

What is the focus of narratives of Chinese children?

• social interaction, morals, and authority

• emphasize proper behavior/moral character

• stressing negative consequences of actions

What two strategies do children use when organizing narratives?

• centering

• chaining