Key Concepts in Differential Reinforcement Techniques in Behavior Analysis

stimulus Discrimination

reinforcement based on different stimulus options

Response Differentiation

reinforcement based on different response options

Difference between SD and RD

SD is stimulus based (object); RD is response (action/behavior)

Differential Reinforcement

Reinforcing chosen (target) behaviors, putting other behaviors on extinction

Types of Differential Reinforcement

DRA, DRO, DRI, DRH, DRD, DRL

DRO: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors

Reinforcing the absence of a target behavior

DRI: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors

Determining a target and a replacement that cannot occur at the same time. Reinforcement when the replacement behavior occurs.

DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors

Determining a target and replacement behavior that can occur at the same time, but only reinforcing when the replacement behavior occurs.

DRH: Differential Reinforcement of Higher Rates

Reinforcing when a target behavior occurs during a set amount of time

DRD: Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates

Reinforcing when a target behavior does not occur during a set amount of time or a criterion. This is a GRADUAL process.

DRL: Differential Reinforcement of Lowering Rates

Reinforcing the decreased amount of a target behavior between a time period, reinforcing when the goal is met.

Maintenance

continuing target behavior when the whole/part of intervention stops, or instruction stops. *focuses on occurrence when teaching ends, UNRELATED TO SETTING*

Generalization

target behavior continues or occurs outside of lesson setting

Stimulus Generalization

same response occurs over a number of different stimulus

Response Generalization

different responses with the same outcome over time.

Maintenance and Generalization can occur together or separate

True

Motivating Operations

increase/decrease value of consequence and behavior.

Establishing Operations (MO)

establishes a consequence as a reinforcer due to deprivation, increases effectiveness.

Evoking Behavior (EO-MO)

due to deprivation, behavior that allows for desired consequence increases.

Abolishing Operations

consequence loses value as a reinforcer, decreased behavior due to the lost value.

Abating Behavior

behavior changes due to lost value in reinforcer, due to satiation.

Operant Behavior

antecedent-behavior-consequence

(evoke, response, consequence)

behavior influenced by antecedent, "selected and maintained by consequence".

Operant Conditioning

Ancedent influences behavior (environment/motivation), utilizes reinforcement and punishment

Respondent Behavior

Stimulus-Response (elicit;reflex)

behavior is influenced by the antecedent, NOT consequence.

Respondent Conditioning

Pavlovian; NS + US = CS -> CR

Respondent Extinction

Repeated presentation of a CS without the US helps lose power in the elicitation of the CR.

BATCAGE- Behavior

Behavior must be:

- one that needs improvement

- measurable

- have change only be in the client.

BATCAGE- Applied

Does your treatment improve the life of the client?

BATCAGE- Technological

programs are teachable to RBTs, parents, and other practitioners.

BATCAGE- Conceptually Systematic

treatment applies to ABA procedures

BATCAGE- Analytical

demonstrates a functional relation; are we controlling the behavior?

BATCAGE- Generality

Can the behavior changes taught apply to broader scenarios; should be able to lead to new behaviors and last over time.

BATCAGE- Effective

Is the behavior change effective and relevant to the clients life?

Principles of ABA include

Behavior is controlled by consequence; Reinforcement increases; Punishment decreases; Extinction withholds reinforcement, decreases behavior

BATCAGE- Generality (Types)

across people/time/settings; maintenance; stimulus generalization, response generalization

BATCAGE- Applied improvements in.... (SCAV)

Social, Communication, Adaptive, Vocational.

what evokes verbal operants

stimuli, an MO

what reinforces verbal operants

getting manded item, GCR

point-point conversation

listener and speaker replicate information exactly

formal similarity

mode of communication

manding

making demands motivated by an MO

tacting

labeling items in environment

echoic

repeating exactly what speaker said

intraverbal

conversation between listener and speaker

textual

reading aloud

transcription

writing exactly what was said

task analysis

breaking down a task to small, learnable pieces.

Goal: make a behavior chain

forward chaining

Focusing on independence for steps as they naturally occur, focusing on one until mastery. With reinforcement, the chaining moves up.

backward chaining

Opposite of Forward Chaining; working backwards, prompting until the last step, where focus on landing independence raises.

total-task chaining

Learning the entire task as it naturally occurs

continuous measurement

Measuring throughout the entire unit of time, such as the entire session.

frequency

Amount of times something occurs

rate

Amount of times something occurs/time

duration

Amount of time response takes

latency

Amount of time between SD and response

Inter response time (IRT)

Amount of time between first response and the second

Percent of Occurrence

number of times response occurs/number of instances presented

Trials to Criterion

Trials taken till mastery

What is discontinuous measurement

Time sampling, partial/interval recording

Partial-Interval Recording

Recording whether a response occurs at any point during the specified time

Whole-Interval Recording

Recording whether a response occurs during the entirety the specified time

Momentary Time Sampling

Recording whether a response occurs at the end during the specified time

PLACHECK

group momentary time sampling

Behavior Chaining Interruption

focuses on maintenance and generalization when presenting an understood task.

Social Attention

function of behavior that occurs with the goal of seeking reinforcement from others attention

Tangible

function of behavior that occurs with the goal of seeking reinforcement from an item (ex: ipad)

Escape

function of behavior that occurs with the goal of escaping a presented stimulus

Avoidance

function of behavior that occurs with the goal of avoiding the presentation of an unwanted stimulus

Sensory/Automatic

function of behavior that occurs with the goal of seeking reinforcement from oneself.

Fixed Ratio

fixed reinforcement schedule based on responses (FR1, FR2, etc)

Variable Ratio

variable reinforcement schedule based on response averages. (VR2, reinforce on 1,2,3)

Fixed Interval

Reinforce on a fixed time schedule. (FI2, FI1)

Variable Interval

reinforce on a variable, average time schedule (VI2: reinforce on 1,2,3)

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforce after every response (FR1)

Intermittent Reinforcement

reinforce on differing schedules from one response.

Stimulus Contingency

(operant conditioning) any change in the environment that evokes change in ABA

Group Contingencies

consequences based on group responses

Independent Group Contingencies

reinforcement to group members who meet criterion

Dependent Group Contingencies

reinforcement depends on one person or small group

Interdependent Group Contingencies

work together to meet criterion and gain reinforcement

response prompts

verbal, model, physical

stimulus prompts

gesture, rotation, redundancy

prompt fading

slowly reducing intrusiveness with most to least prompting

default prompting?

most to least

graduated guidance

physical prompts provided that should fade immediately

time delay

prompt and target presented with delay included

shaping

reinforcing close approximations of behavior

topography

the physical form, shape, or observable movement of a behavior

extinction

eliminating a previously reinforced behavior

functional behavior assessments

collaborative, data-driven process used to identify the purpose ("function") behind a student's challenging behavior

Descriptive FBA

ABC narrative writing, ABC continuous recording, Scatterplot recording

Indirect FBA

questionnaires, surveys, interviews

Preference Assessments

determining what would be deemed a good reinforcer for a client

Common preference assessments

free operant, single stimulus, paired stimulus, multiple stimulus with (or without) replacement

positive reinforcement

reinforcing by providing a stimulus that will increase behaviors in the future

negative reinforcement

reinforcing by removing a stimulus that will increase behaviors in the future

socially mediated reinforcement

behaviors mediated by others

automatic reinforcement

behaviors reinforced by self

DTT

presenting stimulus discriminants with planned consequences and feedback

DTT process

mass trials, distractor trials, rotation trials, expanded trials, generalization