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Second Great Awakening

This religious revival movement spurred numerous social reform movements, notably the abolitionist movement and the campaign for women's rights.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

In this ruling, the Supreme Court held that state laws could not be enforced in Cherokee territory, recognizing the sovereignty of Native American nations.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Confirmed the implied powers of Congress and upheld the creation of a national bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Ruled that only Congress can regulate interstate trade, expanding federal control over commerce.

Implied Powers

Powers inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause, expanding federal authority.

Amendment Process

Changes to the Constitution proposed by two-thirds of Congress or a national convention and ratified by three-fourths of state legislatures.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Laws aimed at curbing dissent; made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and criminalized anti-government speech.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

Political statements arguing that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Acquisition of territory from France, contradicting Jefferson's strict constitutionalist principles.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Exploration of western territories that provided geographic and scientific information.

Revolution of 1800

Election marking the peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Embargo Act (1807)

Prohibited U.S. trade with foreign nations to pressure Britain and France, leading to economic downturn.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Meeting of New England Federalists to discuss grievances during the War of 1812.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native American tribes against American expansion.

Westward Expansion

Movement of American settlers westward, increasing tensions with Native Americans and spreading slavery.

Market Revolution

Rapid economic expansion in the early 19th century driven by innovations in transportation and communication.

Lowell System

Labor system employing young women in textile mills, significant to the Industrial Revolution.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Maintained balance of power by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Creek Wars (1813-1814)

Conflicts between U.S. forces and Creek Nation during the War of 1812, resulting in land ceded to the U.S.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina confrontation with the federal government over states' rights to nullify tariffs.

Rush-Bagot Pact (1817)

Agreement that limited naval forces on the Great Lakes, reducing U.S.-British tensions.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and established territorial boundaries.

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

Period marked by political harmony but underlying issues like slavery remained unresolved.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy opposing European colonization and intervention in the Americas.

Bank War

Andrew Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the U.S., leading to its dissolution.Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the U.S. because he believed it concentrated too much power in the hands of elites and was unconstitutional.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Protective tariff that raised costs for Southern states, contributing to the Nullification Crisis.

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain over trade and impressment; ended in stalemate but fostered nationalism.

War Hawks

advocating for war against Britain in 1812.

Specie

Gold and silver coin; a push for hard money occurred during the Jacksonian era.

Universal Male Suffrage

Voting rights extended to all adult men, expanding democratic participation.

American System

Economic policies promoted by Henry Clay, including tariffs, a national bank, and improvements.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Decisive U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson after the War of 1812 officially ended.

Cotton Gin (1793)

Machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton production and increased slave labor demand.

Erie Canal

Canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, facilitating trade and westward expansion.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth U.S. president known for internal improvements and the Adams-Onís Treaty.

William Henry Harrison

Ninth president and hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman who assisted Lewis and Clark in their expedition.

Zebulon Pike

Explorer who mapped the southwestern portion of the Louisiana Territory.

James Madison

Fourth president of the U.S. (1809-1817) and 'Father of the Constitution,' instrumental in drafting the Bill of Rights.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who championed the construction of the Erie Canal, revolutionizing transportation and trade.

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the steamboat, transforming transportation on U.S. rivers and contributing to the Market Revolution.

Andrew Jackson

populism and opposition to the national bank.

Thomas Jefferson

advocated for limited government and states' rights.

Zebulon Pike

Explorer who mapped the southwestern portion of the Louisiana Territory and the Rockies.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, established key principles of American constitutional law and expanded federal authority.

James Monroe

Fifth president of the U.S. (1817-1825), known for the Monroe Doctrine warning European powers against interference.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Businessman who developed the Lowell system of textile manufacturing, employing young women in factories.

How was slavery revived after the Revolutionary War?

The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 made cotton a profitable crop, leading to a renewed demand for enslaved labor in the South, reviving and expanding slavery in the region.

How did international diplomacy influence domestic politics?

Diplomatic events like the War of 1812, the Embargo Act, and foreign trade policies shaped domestic political parties. For example, the Embargo Act hurt the economy, leading to the rise of the War Hawks and increased partisan division.

What were Thomas Jefferson’s key political principles?

Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, a limited federal government, states’ rights, and agrarianism as the foundation of American liberty.

How was the Louisiana Purchase in direct contrast to Jefferson’s political principles?

Jefferson, a strict constitutionalist, believed the Constitution did not grant the president the power to buy land. However, he justified the purchase as necessary for national expansion and security.

Why did the United States go to war with Britain in 1812? Were its goals achieved?

The U.S. went to war due to British impressment of American sailors, trade restrictions, and British support of Native American resistance. The war ended in a stalemate, but it fostered American nationalism and weakened Native American resistance.

Explain why the United States was so remarkably successful in the conduct of its diplomacy between 1815 and 1823 when it had been so unsuccessful before 1815.

The U.S. was successful due to post-War of 1812 nationalism, the leadership of figures like John Quincy Adams, and the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere.

What were the major issues that divided the nation into competing political sections?

Key issues included slavery, economic interests (tariffs, banking), and the balance of power between states and the federal government.

Explain what was at stake in Missouri’s admission to the Union.

Missouri’s admission threatened the balance of power between free and slave states, as it would have tilted the Senate in favor of slave states, prompting the Missouri Compromise to maintain equilibrium.

Explain the “corrupt bargain.”

In the 1824 election, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams. Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams and Henry Clay struck a corrupt deal for Clay’s support.

How did Jacksonian democracy transform American political culture?

expanded suffrage to all white men, promoted the spoils system, and emphasized populism, encouraging greater participation in government and challenging elite control.

How significant was the Second Great Awakening?

promoted personal salvation, social reform, and led to movements like abolitionism, women’s rights, and temperance.

Why did the Whig Party (and the Second Party System) form?

The Whigs formed in opposition to Jackson’s policies, particularly his stance on the national bank, his use of executive power, and his opposition to federal internal improvements. The Whigs favored a more active federal government.

How did Alexis de Tocqueville evaluate American democracy?

Tocqueville admired American democracy’s focus on equality, local self-government, and civic participation but also warned about the potential for 'tyranny of the majority' and the dangers of individualism.

What were Alexis de Tocqueville’s observations about early nineteenth century America?

He noted that Americans were highly active politically, had a strong sense of individualism, and demonstrated a unique combination of equality and liberty. He also saw growing inequality among classes and the marginalization of African Americans and Native Americans.

Why was the industrial revolution, with its factory system, slow in its development in the United States?

The U.S. had limited capital for investment, scarce labor, and lacked infrastructure compared to Europe. It was also hindered by a reliance on agriculture and limited technical knowledge in manufacturing.

Describe the process whereby America created an industrial labor force.

The U.S. industrial labor force grew through the migration of rural populations to urban areas, particularly women and children working in factories under the Lowell system. Immigrants also played a crucial role in building the workforce.

How important was the transportation revolution in opening the West and in the creation of a national economy?

The construction of canals, railroads, and roads dramatically reduced transportation costs, linking distant markets and facilitating westward migration. It created a national economy by making trade easier and encouraging industrial growth.