Musculoskeletal System & Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatic System

Musculoskeletal System consists of

Bones, joints, muscles

Types of joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

The joint is surrounded by ligaments

which are fibrous bands from:

one bone to

another bone

Bursae is

an enclosed sac filled with that viscous synovial fluid

Bursae are located in

areas of potential

friction to facilitate movement of muscles

and tendons glide easily over bone

Tendons connect

muscle to bone

Ligaments connect

bone to bone

Muscles account for

40-50% of our body weight

Temporomandibular

Joint (TMJ) allows for what motions

Hinge action to open

and close jaws

Ø Gliding action for

protrusion and

retraction

Ø Gliding for side-to-

side movement of

lower jaw

There are ________ vertebra

33

Vertebrae in humans:

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

3-4 coccygeal

The center of an intervertebral disc is a

Nucleus pulposus

The three bones in the shoulder girdle are

Humerus, scapula, clavicle

Glenohumeral joint:

articulation of humerus with glenoid fossa of scapula

Acromion process

the highest portion of the shoulder

The rotator cuff consists of

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

(SITS)

Palpation of bony

landmarks will guide

examination- Iliac crest:

anterior superior spine to posterior

Knee joint:

articulation of three bones—femur, tibia, and patella—in common articular cavity

The knee's synovial membrane is the

largest in the body

The two types of ligaments in the knee are

Cruciate and collateral

Cruciate ligament give

anterior and

posterior stability and help control rotation

Collateral ligaments give

medial and lateral stability and prevent dislocation

The three bones that make up the ankle and foot

Tibia, fibula, talus

Bone remodeling is

cyclic

RA is an autoimmune disease that is worse

in the morning

Osteoarthritis is an degenerative disease that is worse

in the afternoon

Rheumatic fever is

joint pain that can occur two weeks after strep throat

Common cues of musculoskeletal woes

Deformity

Edema

Pain

Throbbing

Functional assessment of ADLs:

Assess any self-care deficits

DXA (bone density) screening is recommended for people______ and older or women younger than _________ with an increased risk.

65, 65

Inspection order:

Inspect, palpate, ROM

TMJ is testing cranial nerve

V

Degenerative consitions

Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis

Inflammatory conditions

Rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis

Abnormalities: Shoulder, Elbow and Spine

Atrophy, olecranon bursitis, Herniated Intervertebral Disc

Fibromyalgia effects

CNS, jaw joints, eyes, chest, muscle/joint pain, skin, stomach, reproductive, urinary

Fibromyalgia consists of

widespread musculoskeletal pain greater than 3 months

Syndactyl:

Fused or webbed together

Polydactyl:

Extra finger/toes

The top of the Iliac crest can be found equivalent to the________ on the body.

L4

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects

noncoronary vessels and refers to arteries affecting the limbs

Ischemia is a

deficient supply of oxygenated blood

Arterial ulcers

Intermittent claudication of pain, no pulse, round smooth sores, black eschar

Venous ulcers

Dull achy pain, lower leg edema, pulse present, drainage, sores w/ irregular borders, yellow slough/ruddy skin

The veins in the leg are- deep:

femoral and popliteal

The veins in the leg are- superficial:

Great and small saphenous

The veins in the leg are- perforators:

Connecting veins that join two sets

The lymphatic system is

A separate vessel system, which retrieves excess fluid and plasma proteins from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream

Functions of lymphatic system are to

Ø conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of capillaries

Ø form a major part of immune system that defends body against disease

Ø absorb lipids from intestinal tract

Function of the spleen:

• Destroy old red blood cells

• Produce antibodies

• Store red blood cells

• Filter microorganisms from blood

Tonsils (palatine, adenoid, and lingual)

◦ Located at entrance to respiratory and gastrointestinal

tracts and respond to local inflammation

Thymus

◦ Flat, pink-gray gland located in superior mediastinum

behind sternum and in front of aorta

The Allen test (Peripheral Vascular Assessment) checks for the

blood flow back to the hands

An Allen test is "normal" if blood flow returns within

5 seconds

The femoral artery can be palpated

just below inguinal ligament halfway between pubis and anterior superior iliac spines

The popliteal pulse can be palpated

With leg extended but relaxed, anchor your thumbs on knee,

and curl your fingers around into popliteal fossa

The posterior tibial pulse can be palpated

Curve your fingers around medial malleolus and feel the tapping right behind it in groove between malleolus and achilles tendon

The dorsalis pedis pulse can be palpated

Normally it is just lateral to and parallel with extensor tendon of big toe

A venous stasis ulcer is caused by

Bad venous return