plant phylogenies

Embryophytes starting point

Liverworts->

Tracheophytes starting point

Lycopodium->

Euphyllophytes starting point

Equisetum->

Seed plants starting point

Cycad->

Embryophytes traits

-waxy cuticle
-alternation of generations
-multicellular gametangia
-unbranched sporophyte
-multicellular embryo
-apical cells

Tracheophytes traits

-vascular tissue
-tracheid (xylem)
-apical meristem
-reduced gametophyte
-dominant branched sporophyte

Euphyllophytes traits

-chloroplast DNA inversion
-megaphylls

Seed plant traits

-integument
-ovule
-seeds
-pollen w/pollen tube
-heterospory
-BVC

Lycophyte plants

-Lycopodium
-Selaginella

Monilophyte plants

-Equisetum
-Psilotum
-Fern

Gymnosperm plants

-Cycad
-Gingko
-Gnetophyte
-Conifers

Angiosperm plants

-basal angiosperms
-monocots
-eudicots

Lycophyte synapomorphies

-microphylls
-heterospory only in selaginella

Monilophyte synapomorphies

NONE

Gymnosperms synapomorphies

-vessel elements ONLY in gnetophytes

Angiosperms Synapomorphies

-endosperm
-double fertilization
-carpel
-fruit
-vessel elements(phloem)
-Monocots DON'T have BVC