External - ethnic

Cultural deprivation

Theory that underachievement of some ethnic groups is caused by inadequate socialization at home.

Intellectual & linguistic skills

Children from low-income black families often lack development in reasoning and problem-solving skills.

Bereiter & Engelmann

Researchers who considered the language of low-income black American families inadequate for educational success.

Gillborn and Mirza

Research found that Indian pupils perform well despite not having English as their first language.

Fatalistic attitude

A belief system where individuals do not value education, often leading to underachievement.

Daniel Moynihan

Sociologist who argued that lone mother families in black communities struggle financially and emotionally.

Charley Murray

Claimed high lone parenthood rates and lack of positive male role models contribute to minority underachievement.

Roger Scruton

Argued that some ethnic minorities fail due to not embracing mainstream British culture.

Ken Pryce

Claimed that Asian culture is more resistant to racism and contributes to higher achievement levels.

Sewell: Fathers, gangs & culture

Argued that lacking ‘tough love’ nurturing leads to difficulties for black boys in adolescence.

Chris Arnot

Described the idealized image of black masculinity perpetuated by media influences.

Governance of peer pressure

Peer pressure can influence black boys to reject academic success in favor of anti-educational identities.

Gillborn

Sociologist who argued that institutional racism produces the failure of black boys in the education system.

Ruth Lupton

Noted that adult authority in Asian families aligns with expectations in schools.

Andrew McCulloch

Found that ethnic minority pupils often aspire to university more than white British pupils.

Gillian Evans

Argued that street culture in white working-class areas is harsh and influences behavior negatively.

Geoffrey Driver

Criticized cultural deprivation theory for ignoring positive role models present in black Caribbean families.

Errol Lawrence

Challenged the notion that black pupils lack self-esteem due to weak culture, attributing underachievement to racism.

Keddie

Posed that cultural deprivation theory is victim-blaming and that ethnic minorities are culturally different.

Multicultural education

An educational policy that recognizes and values minority cultures within the curriculum.

Anti-racist education

An educational policy aimed at challenging existing prejudice and discrimination.

Material deprivation

A lack of essential physical necessities for daily life, commonly affecting working-class families.

Guy Palmer

Reported that nearly half of all ethnic minority children live in low-income households.

• Almost ½ of all ethnic minority children live in low-income households (¼ of white children) 

• Ethnic minorities are 2x as likely to be unemployed 

• Ethnic minority households are around 3x as likely to be homeless 

• Almost ½ of Bangladeshi & Pakistani workers earned under £7 an hour (¼ of British) 

Economic context of ethnic minorities

Ethnic minorities frequently experience higher unemployment and lower wages in economically depressed areas.

Shift work

Work schedules that vary from standard hours, common among ethnic minority groups.

Impact of language skills

Lack of language proficiency can hinder economic opportunities for ethnic minorities.

Racial discrimination in the labor market

Discrimination that prevents ethnic minorities from gaining equal employment opportunities.

Modood

Found that low income negatively impacts children, but has less detrimental effects on certain ethnic groups.

David Mason

Described discrimination as a persistent experience for minorities in Britain.

John Rex

Argued that racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and exacerbates poverty for ethnic minorities.

Wood et al. study

Demonstrated discrimination in employment, finding disparities in interview offers between ethnic groups.