Structure and Function Chapter 1 vocab

The word anatomy comes from the Greek word "anatome," which means to Disect or cut apart? _________.

dissect or cut apart

Anatomy is the scientific study of the __structure___ of organisms, including systems, organs, and tissues.

Structure

Physiology is derived from the Greek word "physis," meaning ___ or origin.

nature

Physiology is the scientific study of ______ and mechanisms in a living system.

functions?

While anatomy focuses on structure, physiology focuses on _______.

functions

The standard reference position for the body is known as the __________ position.

anatomical

In the anatomical position, the body is standing upright with the feet ________ and shoulder-width apart.

flat

In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are facing ________.

forward

Establishing a standard anatomical position is important for maintaining a consistent _________ point when describing the body.

reference

The term ________ refers to a structure being toward the head or upper part of the body.

Superior

The term __________ refers to a structure being away from the head or toward the lower part of the body.

Inferior

________ describes a position toward the midline of the body.

Medial

________ describes a position away from the midline of the body.

Lateral

The term __________ (or ventral) refers to the front of the body.

Anterior

The term __________ (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body.

Posterior

In humans, the terms ventral and _________ are often used interchangeably.

Anterior

In humans, the terms dorsal and _________ are often used interchangeably.

Posterier

The term _______ refers specifically to the head or skull.

cranial

The term _________ refers to the tail or the tail end of the body.

caudal

The nose is _________ to the brain.

inferior?

The patella (kneecap) is ________ to the ankle joint.

proximal?

The sternum (breastbone) is _______ to the humerus (upper arm bone).

medial

The cranium is ______ to the pelvis.

superior

A structure closer to the surface of the body is described as ________.

superficial

A structure further away from the surface, such as a bone compared to skin, is described as _______.

deep

Anatomical ______ are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body.

plane

The _______ plane (also called the coronal plane) divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

frontal

The _________ plane divides the body into right and left portions.

sagittal

A _________ plane passes exactly through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

midsagittal

The __________ plane (also called the horizontal plane) divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

transverse

Movement occurs in a plane and around an __________.

axis

The axis of rotation is always __________ to the plane of movement.

perpendicular

Examples of movements in the __________ plane include abduction and adduction.

frontal

Examples of movements in the _______ plane include flexion and extension.

sagital

Examples of movements in the ________ plane include internal and external rotation.

transverse

Biceps curls occur in the ______ plane.

sagital

Jumping jacks occur in the __________ plane.

frontal

Standing trunk rotations occur in the __________ plane.

transverse

Side bends at the waist occur in the __________ plane.

frontal

Squats and walking primarily occur in the __________ plane.

sagital

________ is the term for decreasing the angle between two body parts.

Flexion

________ is the term for increasing the angle between two body parts.

extension

__________ is moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

Abduction

______ is moving a limb toward the midline of the body.

Adduction

________ is the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward or forward.

Supination

__________ is the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward or backward.

Pronation

_________ _________ is moving the arm away from the midline in the transverse plane.

Horizontal abduction

________ _________ is moving the arm toward the midline in the transverse plane.

Horizontal adduction

The abdomen is often divided into four ________ for clinical description.

quadrants

The RUQ stands for the ____________.

Right Upper Quadrant

The RLQ stands for the _____________.

Right Lower Quadrant

The LUQ stands for the _______________.

Ledt Upper Quadrant

The LLQ stands for the _____________.

Left Lower Quadrant

The nine abdominal regions include the central _________ region, where the belly button is located.

umbilical

The region superior to the umbilical region is the ________ region.

epigastric

The region inferior to the umbilical region is the _________ (or pubic) region.

hypogastric

The regions to the right and left of the epigastric region are the ____________ regions.

hypochondriac

The regions to the right and left of the umbilical region are the _________ regions.

lumbar

The regions to the right and left of the hypogastric region are the _________ (or iliac) regions.

Inguinal

________ cavities are fluid-filled spaces within the body that protect and contain internal organs.

Body

The _________ cavity contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

Thoracic

The _________ cavities contain the lungs.

pleural

The ___________ cavity contains the digestive and reproductive organs.

abdominopelvic

The ________ membrane is a thin, double-layered membrane that covers organs and lines cavity walls.

serous

The __________ layer of the serous membrane lines the walls of the cavity.

parietal

The ________ layer of the serous membrane covers the surface of the organs.

visceral

Organs completely surrounded by the peritoneum are called _______.

Intraperitoneal

Examples of intraperitoneal organs include the stomach, ________, and spleen.

liver

Organs located behind the peritoneum are called _________.

retroperitoneal

Examples of retroperitoneal organs include the __________, kidneys, and aorta.

pancreas

__________ is the process by which the body regulates itself to maintain a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the foundation of how our anatomy undergoes its ________.

physiology

A _________ variable is the specific factor (like body temperature) that is being controlled.

regulated

The _________ point is the normal or ideal value for a regulated variable.

set

_______ input mechanisms sense the actual value of the regulated variable.

Sensory

The ________ center is where the actual value is compared to the set point.

Integrative

__________ are mechanisms that are activated to return the regulated variable back toward the set point.

Effectors

If a difference is detected by the integrative center, __________ systems are activated.

regulatory

In __________ feedback, the response of the effector negates or reverses the original stimulus.

negative

In _________ feedback, the response of the effector enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

positive

Most homeostatic control systems in the body use __________ feedback.

negative

The body tightly regulates the __________ and extracellular domains.

intracellular

When blood glucose increases, the _________ releases insulin.

pancreas

Insulin helps cells take in glucose, causing blood glucose levels to __________.

decrease

When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases ________.

glucagon

Glucagon tells the ________ to release glucose into the blood.

liver

________ constancy describes how levels change over short periods but remain constant over long periods.

Dynamic

Energy pathways in the body are highly __________ through homeostatic mechanisms.

regulated

A __________ arc is a pathway that mediates a homeostatic response.

reflex

_________ refers to the existence of multiple feedback loops for one vital parameter.

Redundancy

________ describes the priority given to certain variables or systems over others.

Prioritization

________ is the ability of the body to alter its response depending on its current state.

Resetting

The __________ of a set point can occur, such as during a fever.

rising

_________ reserve is the total functional capacity of a system beyond the resting level.

Functional

When functional reserve is exceeded, _________ (disease or abnormal function) results.

pathology

Many body functions are subject to _________changes or body rhythms.

periodic

A _________ rhythm is a cycle that occurs approximately once every 24 hours.

circadian

Circadian rhythms add an _________ component to homeostatic control systems.

anticipatory

Examples of circadian cycles include waking/sleeping and _______ concentrations in the blood.

cortisol

Unlike negative feedback, which is corrective, body rhythms help the body __________ changes before they occur.

anticipate