AP Psych Unit 5 Cognition Psychology

Intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

underlies all mental abilities and therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

charles spearman

believe we each have 1 g that is center of all intelligent behavior
found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

factor analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items/factors on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies a person total score
spearman worked with this to prove his stance on g

L.L Thurstone

believe 7 clusters of primary mental abilities (word, fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory) and a high score in 1 usually mean high score in others

Howard Gardner

identify 8 relatively independent intelligence (naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-maths, linguistic and possible 9th ability to ponder deep questions) and they come from different departments/packages

savant syndrome

condition in which a person is limited in mental ability but have an exceptional special skill ( suggest that intelligence is a diverse set of distinct abilities)

Robert Sternberg

agrees with Gardner but suggest 3 intelligence

Sternberg's triarchic theory

analytical(academic problem solving and assessed with tests with only 1 right answer that predict grades and career success)
creative(shown thru innovation smarts, adaption ability, generate novel ideas)
practical (required for everyday tasks that have many answers with no direct instructions)

Gardner and Sternberg agree on

1) multiple abilities contribute to success
2) different varieties of giftedness bring spice to life and education challenge

grit

passion and perseverance in long-term goal pursuits

talent+grit =

success

social intelligence

the know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions critical part of social intelligence

emotional intelligence 4 abilities to predict social success and emotional well-being

1) perceive - recognizing emotions in faces, music, stories, and oneself
2) understanding - predicting emotions and they change
3) managing - knowing how to express emotions in varied situations and how to manage others
4) using - emotions to facilitate adaptive/creative thinking

Spearman's general intelligence

summary - basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
strengths- different abilities do have some tendency to correlate
other considerations - human abilities are too diverse to be under 1 general intelligence factor

Thurstone's primary mental abilities

summary - our intelligence may be broken down into 7 distinct factors
strengths - more information that=n 1 g score
other considerations - 7 abilities tend to cluster suggesting an underlying g factor

Gardner's multiple intelligence

summary - abilities classify 8/9 independent intelligences beyond school smarts
strengths - intelligence is more than verbal and math skills/ other skills are important to adaptations
other considerations - Should all abilities be considered as intelligences? some be called less vital talents?

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

summary - classified in 3 area's that predict real-world success analytical, practical, creative
strengths - areas can be reasonably measured
other considerations - categories are less independent and may share an underlying g factor

emotional intelligence

summary - social intelligence is an important indicator of life success emotional intelligence is a kay factor consisting in perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions
strengths - these 4 components predict social success and emotional well-being
other considerations - does this stretch the concept of intelligence too far?

intelligence test

method for assessing one's mental aptitudes and comparing with other using number scores

achievement test

assess what 1 has learned

apitude test

predict one's future performance or ability to learn apitude means capacity to learn

Francis Galton

wonder if possible to measure mental ability and believed genius is inherited but couldn't create a test to show correlation

Alfred Binet

started modern intelligent testing movement and created mental age to measure intelligence test performance bc believed all kids follow same course of intellectual development but dumb = mentalreal
intention for creating test use for increasing kids education and NOT to measure inborn intelligence or label/limit kids

mental age

level of performance associate with children of age

Lewis Terman

changed and used Binet test for us and extended it to adults to find inborn intelligence

Standford-Binet

widely used American revised of Binet test

intelligence quotient

ratio of mental age to actual age and compare to the average score, usually 100

intelligent test used negatively

Terman alike to Galton's eugenics used them to figure out who is unsmart/unfit and restrict reproduction
Terman believe score shows mental abilities
Abuse of test for immigrant screening

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

created by David Wechsler most widely use intelligent test containing verbal and nonverbal performance
sees score of individual topics and shows strengths or weaknesses

Types of material on the WAIS

similarities - reasoning the commonality between 2 objects ex wool and cotton
vocab - name picture objects or define words
block design - visual abstract processing
letter/number sequencing - hearing number/letters and repeat in order

to be an accepted psychological test must have

standardized reliable and validity

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful score by comparison with performance of a pretest group
we need comparison for the score to mean something or else it is just a number

normal curve/bell curve

describes the distribution of physical and psychological attributes most data is near mean/center

Flynn effect

James Flynn says performance on intelligent test increase because of our need to develop new mental skills to cope with modern environment
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

reliability

extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of score by checking using 2 halves of test(odd vs even), alternate forms or retesting
if no reliability score doesn't mean anything
highest correlation between original score and retests = more reliable

if no reliability

score doesn't mean anything

highest correlation between original score and retests

= more reliable

Validity

the extent to which a test measures of predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

predictive reliability

success with which a test predicts the behavior its designed assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

General apitude tests are predictive more in

younger children

cohort

group of people sharing common characteristics

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tend to increase with age

fluid intelligence

ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease with age

as we age

gain = knowledge, vocab, wisdom
lose = memory processing speed

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages of some point in time

longitudinal study

research that follows and retest the same people overtime

mathematicians, scientists, poets produce best work at 25-35 bc

fluid intelligence is at its peak

authors, historians, philosophers produce best work at 45-85 bc

Crystallized intelligence is at its peak

children who are more intelligent live healthier and longer live bc

1) intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, a healthier environment
2) intelligent encourage healthy living less smoking and more exercise
3) prenatal events and early childhood illnesses might influence both intelligence and health
4) intellectual people tend to respond and perceive stimuli quickly

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability by have a score of 70 or below on intelligence test and difficulty adapting to life demands

down syndrome

condition mild to severe intellect disability and associated physical disorder caused by extra copy of chromosome 21

criteria of diagnosing intellect disability

1) score less than 70
2) struggle adapting to life demands:
conceptual - language, reading, concepts of money time and numbers
social - interpersonal skills social responsibility following rules
practical - health personal care occupational skill and travel

people who share genes

share mental abilities

heritability

proportion of variation among people in a group that we can attribute to genes

intelligence is

polygenic

Carol Dweck

believed intelligence is changeable and must have a growth mindset

positives of growth mindset

help link hard work and success
more resilient

superior achievements from ability + motivation + opportunity =

success

g score is the same for

boys vs girls men vs women
girls are better at spelling, verbal fluency, locating objects, detecting emotions, sensitivity to touch taste color
boys are better at spatial ability and complex math problems

Steven Pinker

argues biology affects gender differences
women have greater interest in people
men have greater interest in money and things

social influences construct gender stereotypes

in America men have more job in math
in Asia/Russia girls are better at science sections in tests

many racial and ethnic groups differ in

average intelligent test scores

group difference in heritable trait due to

environment

two types of bias

science definition - test's validity
cultural definition - intelligent test bias bc of different cultural experiences so apitude test inaccurate

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

life greatest success comes from

can do abilities and will do motivation