biology unit D exam study cards

what are macromolecules? What are the four types?

large, complex and very essential compounds that are fundamental to biological processes. They include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

what are the monomers for each macromolecule?

Proteins are made of amino acids, nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides, and lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol.

what are some examples of each macromolecule monomer?

carbs are: glucose, starch and cellulose, fats are: fats, oils, wax and steroids, proteins are: muscle tissue, hemoglobin and insulin, and nucleic acids are: DNA and RNA

what are each macromolecule responsible for?

carbs for short and long term energy along with structure, fats for long term energy and insolation, proteins for structure and enzymes and nucleic acids for storing genetic information.

what is dehydration synthesis?

building larger molecules by removing water

what is hydrolysis?

breaking down larger molecules by adding water

what is peristalsis?

A series of involuntary, wave-like muscle contractions that move food, fluids, and waste through the digestive tract.

what test is used for the detection of carbohydrates (sugars)?

benedict

what test is used for the detection of carbohydrates (starch)?

iodine

what test is used for testing for proteins?

biuret

what test is used for testing for fats?

brown paper

when testing for sugars why do you have to heat the benedict sample up first?

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar and requires boiling with acid (HCl) first to hydrolyze it into reducing sugars before it will test positive.

how does iodine reveal starch in a sample?

Iodine slips inside the helix structure of amylose (starch), forming a dark complex.

when testing for present proteins does a stronger purple color indicate more or less present peptide bonds?

More.

what are the two terms for the formation and decomposition of macromolecules?

hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

what three main organs deal with chemical digestion?

mouth, stomach and small intestine

what does saliva breakdown vs. lingual lipase breakdown in the mouth?

saliva breaks down carbs and lingual lipase initiates the break down of fats.

how does HCL breakdown proteins on the stomach?

by denaturing it.

what does mucus is during digestion?

protect stomach lining

what do Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase do?

breakdown proteins into peptides

what breakdown peptides into amino acids?

Carboxypeptidase

what enzyme digests emulsified fats?

Pancreatic Lipase

what digests nucleic acids

nucleases