41) gallbladder + metabolismj of liver

(CHO metabolism)

High blood glucose

Glycogenesis
- store glucose → glycogen
via insulin

-convert excess glucose to FA

(CHO metabolism)

Low blood glucose

1) Glycogenolysis

-break glycogen → glucose
via glucagon + epin

2) Gluconeogenesis

-create glucose from AA, lactate, glycerol
via GLUCAGON + cortisol

Lipid metabolism

1) Chylomicrons (big lipids)
→ bypass hepatic portal circulation
→ straight to adipose/muscle tissue

2) FFA
- betaoxidation to produce ATP
OR
-convert to:
triglyceride
cholsterol = create bile

3) bound to albumin = transported

Triglycerides

-stored when high blood glucose

-TG + cholesterol package = lipoproteins (travel through body)

AA metabolism

AA breaks down into:
- ATP
- FA
- glucoseW

What to be careful of for AA metabolism?

deamination (break down AA)
→ forms AMMONIA
(combine with CO2)
→ which is TOXIC

→ ammonia convert to urea for excretion (kidney saliva sweat)

What vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver?

fat soluble vitamins: A,D,E,K

vitamin B12

Fe (for transferrin/ferritin) (used when blood levels low)

additional functions of liver:

-alcohol to acetaldehyde

-inactivate hormones + drug → make them water soluble → flush out through kidney (urine) or bile poop)

How is bile synthesized?

via hepatocytes in liver (mainly water)W

Where are bile salts reabsorbed and recycled?

ileum

Bile function as a:

1) digestive product

2) excretory product

1) emulsify fat

2) excrete bilirubin (broken down RBC)

What is UNCONJUGATED bilirubin?

-broken down heme
-lipid soluble
→ needs to bind to albumin to transport to liver

What is CONJUGATED bilirubin?

unconjugated bilirubin makes it to liver
→ bilirubin binds to GLUCURONIC ACID
→ forms conjugated bilirubin
(water soluble; able to be excreted in bile (poop) & kidney (pee)

Gallbladder general info: (doubt you need to know)

intraperitoneal
- in fossa on posterior surface of right lobe of liver

What is the path gallbladder bile storage? (see your purple gallbladder drawing)

(Rid of bile)

CCK released from intestinal ENTEOENDOCRINE CELL
→ relax hepatopancreatic sphinter (bile enters SI)

→ contract gallblader (squeezes bile out → to enter SI)

—

(Storing bile)
SI is EMPTY
- no CCK release
- hepatopancreatic sphincter CLOSES
- bile backs up into cystic duct
→ stores into gallbladder

What are gallstones?

cholesterol in bile crystallized = gallstone
- due to excessive cholesterol
OR
→ insufficient bile salts (like soap to breakdown/mix cholsterol)