LEC 1: Communication, Process, Principles, and Ethics

Communication

The human act of sending (verbal or nonverbal; online or offline) and receiving messages; a natural activity of people

Communication

Process whereby people create and transmit meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in a particular context

continuous

Since communication is a process, it is something ____

Watzlawick

Communication expert that quoted “One cannot communicate”

“One cannot communicate”

What communication expert, Watzlawick, quoted

Purposive Communication

Intentional communication that happens with in the bounds of a specific context

Context

Affects the process of sending and receiving of messages; semantics of meanings choice of channels, words and methods of delivery

Settings or environment; social relations; scenes including place, time and occasion; culture

What does context include?

Sender, Message, Receiver, Channel, Feedback, Interference, Context

(Based on slides) 7 Elements of Communication

Sender

One of the 7 Elements of Communication also known as the communicator or source; the transmitter of information who intends to express a message or information to others

Skills required in transmitting messages, such as fluency, correct grammar, phonetics, etc.

What is the sender expected to possess?

Credibility

People will more likely reject a message if the sender is proven to be unreliable. This exhibits the important of the sender’s ____.

Message

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is also known as information, subject, and topic; needs to possess the 5 C’s for accuracy (Courtesy, Clarity, Conciseness, Concreteness, Completeness)

Constance Conned Courtney into Clearing her Computer.

Mnemonic to remember the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message

Conciseness, concreteness, courtesy, clarity, completeness

What are the 5 C’s for accuracy a message should follow?

Conciseness

One of the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message that means saying what needs to be said with as few words as possible, avoiding flowery languages

Concreteness

One of the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message that means being specific and providing examples whenever necessary to make a message more comprehensible

Courtesy

One of the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message that means politeness; usage of polite words and tone means one respects the receiver; tact and diplomacy is always appreciated; includes developing the “we” attitude, using positive words rather than negative, considering the receivers’ feelings; selecting gender-free terms and responding promptly to important messages

Clarity

One of the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message that means correct word usage, grammar, pronunciation, sentence construction and delivery

Completeness

One of the 5 C’s for accuracy of a message that means avoiding ambiguity, answering What, Who, When, Where, Why & How

Receiver

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is also known as the decoder; expected to have good listening and comprehension skills

Channel

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is also known as the medium; can either be physically, mediated by technology, or written

Availability, practicality, and impact on receiver

The choice of a channel depends of these three factors

Feedback

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is also known as the response or interpretation; provided by the receiver in relation to sender s of the message

Interference

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is also known as noise and barriers; able to affect the receiving of the message; has six types (external, internal, physiological, semantic, language barrier, cultural barrier)

External, internal, physiological, semantic, language barrier, cultural barrier

What are the 6 types of interference of a message?

Context

One of 7 Elements of Communication that is the situation and environment from which communication occurs; has 3 dimensions (physical, social, cultural)

Physical, Social, Cultural

What are the 3 dimensions of context?

House

Example of the Physical Dimension of Context

Family Gathering

Example of the Social Dimension of Context

Attitudes and beliefs

Example of the Cultural Dimension of Context

Verbal & Nonverbal

2 Types of Communication

Verbal Communication

Type of communication that is is the use of sounds and/or words in order to share one's feelings or ideas; two types (vocal and nonvocal)

Vocal & Nonvocal

What are the two types of verbal communication?

Vocal

Type of verbal communication involving the use of spoken words

Nonvocal

Type of verbal communication involving the use of written words and sign language

MISER

Acronym to Remember the 5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication

Motivation, Information, Social Interaction, Emotional Expression, Regulation

5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication

Motivation

One of the 5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication; used to express one's desire, goal, likes and dislikes, or needs and wants

Example: Saying, "I will soon find the one!"

Information

One of the 5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication; used to acquire and share information with others.

Example: Discussing the topic before the exam.

Social Interaction

One of the 5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication; used to form relationships with other people

Example: Initiating small talk with a stranger.

Emotional Expression

One of the 5 Main Functions of Verbal Communication; used to express one's feelings and emotions

Example: Saying, "he really broke my heart!"

Regulation

One of the 5 Functions of Verbal Communication; control another person's behavior or action

Example: Counting 1,2,3 to indicate that one stops what they are doing.

Nonverbal Communication

Type of communication that uses signs and symbols to complement, emphasize, or substitute verbal communication

Paralyzed Professionals Chronologically Have to Color their Body & Clothing.

Mnemonic to Remember 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication

Paralanguage/Paralinguistics, Proxemics, Chronemics, Haptics, Color, Body Language/Kinesics, Clothing & Artifacts

7 Types of Nonverbal Communication

Paralanguage/Paralinguistics

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that is pitch, tone, and volume of voice

Proxemics

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that is space and distance between interlocutors

Chronemics

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that is the use of time in communication

Haptics

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that are types of touching: professional, social, friendship, intimacy, and sexual

Color

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that are variations in clothing and environmental colors

Body Language/Kinesics

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that are gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye movement, and rate of walk

Clothing and Artifacts

One of the 7 Types of Nonverbal Communication that is appearance and style

Body Movements

Refers to the transfer form one location to another

Gestures

Refer to the movements made by the extremities, even shoulders

Facial Expressions

Refer to those exhibited by the facial elements

CARD CRR

Acronym for the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Complement, Accent, Regulate, Deceive, Contradict, Replace, Repeat

7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Complement

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; to enhance and add nuance to one’s words

Example: Hugging a person while saying, "I miss you."

Accent

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; add emphasis on the verbal intent

Example: Adding "very" in the line, "I'm VERY hungry!"

Regulate

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; control the flow of conversations

Example: Rotating your hand to signal your partner to keep talking.

Deceive

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; using signals to mislead others

Example: Saying "I'm okay" with a smile even though one is hurt inside.

Contradict

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; action contrasting words

Example: Saying "I'm fine" with a grumpy face.

Replace

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; substitute words

Example: Raising one's thumb instead of saying, "It's good."

Repeat

One of the 7 Functions of Nonverbal Communication; duplicate and reinforce one's message

Example: Waving one's hand while saying "Hello"or "Goodbye".

1. Adhering to the Golden Rule

2. Considering the Feelings of the Receiver

3. Acknowledging the Source of Idea & Information

4. Speaking the Truth

4 Ethics of Communication

Mediated Communication

An interaction carried out by using information communication technology, such as mobile phones, computers, and the internet

Communicative Competence

Ability of the communication participants (sender and receiver) to communicate effectively and appropriately in various contexts; made of four elements (grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse, strategic competence); ingredient in more effective communication among interlocuters

Dell Hymes

Founded the concept of communicative competence and its 4 elements

Grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic

What are the 4 elements of communicative competence?

Sociolinguistic Competence

One of the 4 elements of communicative competence; are the social aspects, such as culture, gender, education, profession; manner that a communication participant tailor fits his/her utterances for a particular audience; ability of a receiver to accommodate or adjust to the communication style or language variety used by the sender

Discourse

One of the 4 elements of communicative competence; how ideas are linked across sentences or utterances; one’s ability to demonstrate organized, cohesive, and coherent thoughts in spoken or written texts

Strategic Competence

One of the 4 elements of communicative competence; the speaker’s ability to adapt to the use of verbal and nonverbal language to compensate for communication problems caused by the speaker’s lack of understanding of proper grammar use and/or insufficient knowledge of social behavioral and communication norms; includes the ability to use synonyms or employing gestures to get the message across