Ch. 25: Urinary System

What would be the effect of having chronically elevated levels of renin and low levels of ADH? The osmolarity of the blood would be

Select one:

a. High

b. Low

c. Unchanged

a. High

In which of the following diseases would the osmolarity of urine be highest?

Select one:

a. Diabetes insipidus

b. Diabetes mellitus

b. Diabetes mellitus

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors could be used to decrease the effects of acute exposure to altitude. Imagine the inhibitors work only in the kidney. How could this be effective?

Select one:

a. The inhibitors increase the rate of hydrogen ion secretion, making the blood more basic

b. The inhibitors should not alter the pH of the blood since CO2 does not contain a hydrogen ion

c. The inhibitors lower the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the urine, thus acidifying the blood

c. The inhibitors lower the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the urine, thus acidifying the blood

Compared with urine from a diabetes insipidus patient, the urine of a person with diabetes mellitus would be

Select one:

a. Dilute

b. Similar in concentration

c. Concentrated

c. Concentrated

The first process in urine formation is

Select one:

a. Reabsorption

b. Filtration

c. Secretion

b. Filtration

Blood in which of the following vessels has the same composition as arterial blood in the renal artery?

Select one:

a. The afferent arteriole

b. The distal glomerular capillary

c. The efferent arteriole

d. The peritubular capillaries

e. The nephron loop

a. The afferent arteriole

Substances reabsorbed in the nephron loop enter

Select one:

a. The peritubular capillaries

b. The renal artery

c. The afferent arterioles

d. The efferent arterioles

e. Glomerular capillaries

a. The peritubular capillaries

If blood pressure increases, what happens to the sodium concentration of fluid that enters the glomerular capsule?

Select one:

a. Sodium concentration in the capsule increases

b. Sodium concentration in the capsule decreases

c. Sodium concentration in the capsule does not change

c. Sodium concentration in the capsule does not change

If blood pressure increases, the rate of urine formation (assume no other changes)

Select one:

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Remains constant

a. Increases

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one causes a drop in blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increasing sodium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

c. Increasing potassium reabsorption

d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

In the urinary system, filtration occurs in the

Select one:

a. Descending limb of the nephron loop

b. Peritubular capillaries

c. Distal convoluted tubule

d. Renal corpuscle

e. Ascending limb of the nephron loop

d. Renal corpuscle

Where is urine adjusted to its final concentration via controlled reabsorption of water?

Select one:

a. The glomerulus

b. The nephron loop

c. The bladder

d. The collecting duct

e. The proximal convoluted tubule

d. The collecting duct

Many choice: A person with diabetes mellitus is prone to kidney failure. Which of the following would be a concern?

Select one or more:

a. pH disruptions

b. Anemia

c. Abnormal electrolyte levels

a. pH disruptions

b. Anemia

c. Abnormal electrolyte levels

Which of the following ions most determines reabsorption of water from the filtrate (i.e., water follows ____________)?

Select one:

a. Calcium

b. Potassium

c. Magnesium

d. Sodium

e. Bicarbonate

d. Sodium

Prostaglandins cause dilation of the afferent arterioles in the kidney. NSAIDs like ibuprofen block the synthesis of prostaglandins. What effect might you expect from very high levels of ibuprofen

Select one:

a. Increased renal blood flow and urine formation

b. Increased renal blood flow, but decreased urine formation

c. Decreased renal blood flow, but increased urine formation

d. Decreased renal blood flow and urine formation

d. Decreased renal blood flow and urine formation

In a healthy individual, functions of the kidney include

Select one:

a. Screening blood for dead cells

b. Eliminating excess sodium from the extracellular fluid

c. Eliminating excess oxygen from the blood

d. Eliminating excess protein from the blood

e. All of the above

b. Eliminating excess sodium from the extracellular fluid

Aldosterone causes increased

Select one:

a. Sodium and potassium reabsorption

b. Sodium and potassium secretion

c. Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

d. Potassium reabsorption and sodium secretion

c. Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

The interstitial fluid becomes highly concentrated deep in the renal medulla because

Select one:

a. Countercurrent multiplication increases sodium reabsorption deep in the medulla.

b. Reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted.

c. The juxtaglomerular complex is most active deep in the medulla.

d. Reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule is easily adjusted.

a. Countercurrent multiplication increases sodium reabsorption deep in the medulla

Increased epinephrine would cause (hint: think about the effects on renal blood vessels rather than systemic blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increased glomerular filtration

b. Decreased glomerular filtration

c. No change in glomerular filtration

b. Decreased glomerular filtration

Loop diuretics lower blood pressure by (two of the following processes occur, but only one causes a drop in blood pressure)

Select one:

a. Increasing sodium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

c. Increasing potassium reabsorption

d. Decreasing potassium reabsorption

b. Decreasing sodium reabsorption

If the concentration of the interstitial fluid deep in the renal medulla is 1200 mOsm, the maximum concentration of urine would be

Select one:

a. 300 mOsm

b. 600 mOsm

c. 900 mOsm

d. 1200 mOsm

e. 1600 mOsm

d. 1200 mOsm

Many choice: Which of the following occur in the bladder?

Select one or more:

a. Filtration

b. Storage

c. Secretion

d. Reabsorption

b. Storage

Ethanol inhibits the release of ADH. A couple of hours after drinking alcohol on a Friday evening, an individual's urine would be

Select one:

a. Osmolarity would not change

b. More concentrated

c. More dilute

c. More dilute

Regulation of the final concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood stream occurs mostly in the

Select one:

a. Glomerulus

b. Ascending limb of the nephron loop

c. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

d. Peritubular capillaries

e. Descending limb of the nephron loop

c. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Renin is released from cells in the

Select one:

a. Efferent arteriole

b. Juxtaglomerular complex

c. Nephron loop

d. Afferent arteriole

e. Collecting duct

b. Juxtaglomerular complex

If blood pressure increases and nothing else changes, the rate of glomerular filtration to

Select one:

a. Increase

b. Decrease

c. Remain steady

a. Increase

In the nephron, reabsorption of nutrients occurs in the

Select one:

a. Nephron loop

b. Collecting duct

c. Glomerulus

d. Distal convoluted tubule

e. Proximal convoluted tubule

e. Proximal convoluted tubule

Many choice: Which of the following forces moves substances into the filtrate in the glomerulus?

Select one or more:

a. Hydrostatic pressure

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

a. Hydrostatic pressure

Angiotensin II causes systemic

Select one:

a. Vasodilation

b. Vasoconstriction

b. Vasoconstriction

In response to a drop in blood pressure, sodium reabsorption in the nephron loop would ________________.

Select one:

a. Increase

b. Decrease

c. Not change

a. Increase

Through the wonders of gene therapy, imagine we were able to synthesize the enzyme "cellulase." This enzyme breaks down cellulose, which makes up wood. Cellulose is a polysaccharide. If this were the case, what would you expect would happen if we ate wood? (You may imagine that we liquefied the wood in a blender, so didn't have to worry about chewing or mechanical breakdown).

Select one:

a. We would not be able to make ATP from the wood because there are no calories in wood.

b. We would not be able to make ATP from the wood because it would travel too quickly through the digestive system.

c. We would make about the same amount of ATP from the wood as we would from an equal amount of pasta.

d. We would make about the same amount of ATP as we would from an equal amount of olive oil

c. We would make about the same amount of ATP from the wood as we would from an equal amount of pasta

Urine is eliminated from the body directly from the

Select one:

a. Urethra

b. Bladder

c. Kidney

d. Ureter

a. Urethra

The composition of the fluid in the ureter is

Select one:

a. More dilute than fluid in the bladder

b. More concentrated than fluid in the bladder

c. The same fluid that is in the bladder

c. The same fluid that is in the bladder

If both renin and ADH levels were high,

Select one:

a. Water would be reabsorbed, but not sodium

b. Sodium would be reabsorbed, but not water

c. Neither water nor sodium would be absorbed

d. Both water and sodium would be reabsorbed

d. Both water and sodium would be reabsorbed

Renin release leads to

Select one:

a. Increased blood pressure

b. Decreased blood pressure

a. Increased blood pressure

Scenario: the osmolarity of filtrate in the collecting duct is 300 mOsm/L and osmolarity in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting duct is 1200 mOsm/L. If there were no ADH in our systems, osmolarity of the urine would be approximately

Select one:

a. 300 mOsm/L

b. 900 mOsm/L

c. 1200 mOsm/L

d. 1500 mOsm/L

a. 300mOsm/L

If blood pressure increases, what happens to the sodium concentration of fluid that enters the distal convoluted tubule?

Select one:

a. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases

b. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule decreases

c. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule does not change

a. Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases

A primary process that occurs in the nephron loop is

Select one:

a. Secretion of unwanted nutrients

b. Variable reabsorption of water and ions to create a concentration gradient

c. Variable secretion of water and ions to create a concentration gradient

d. Reabsorption of critical nutrients

e. Adjustment of plasma pH

b. Variable reabsorption of water and ions to create a concentration gradient

The effector in the ADH feedback loop is located in the

Select one:

a. The glomerulus

b. The proximal convoluted tubule

c. Aortic arch and carotid bodies

d. The hypothalamus

e. The collecting duct

e. The collecting duct

The composition of fluid in the urethra is

Select one:

a. More dilute than fluid in the ureter

b. More concentrated than fluid in the ureter

c. The same fluid that is in the ureter

c. The same fluid that is in the ureter

The primary sensor in the ADH feedback loop is located in the

Select one:

a. The glomerulus

b. The collecting duct

c. The proximal convoluted tubule

d. Aortic arch and carotid bodies

e. The hypothalamus

e. The hypothalamus

If blood pressure drops, which of the following would be released from the juxtamedullary complex?

Select one:

a. Atrial natriuretic peptide

b. ADH

c. Angiotensin II

d. Renin

e. Aldosterone

d. Renin

In the kidney, reabsorption of glucose occurs in the

Select one:

a. Nephron loop

b. Distal convoluted tubule

c. Collecting duct

d. Proximal convoluted tubule

e. Glomerulus

d. Proximal convoluted tubule

The first step in urine formation occurs in the

Select one:

a. Renal cortex

b. Renal medulla

c. Renal pelvis

d. Minor calyx

e. Major calyx

a. Renal cortex

A person taking an ACE inhibitor would be prone to

Select one:

a. Hypokalemia (low potassium)

b. Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

b. Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

How would a nephron respond to a sudden increase in filtration?

Select one:

a. The Afferent arteriole would dilate.

b. The Afferent arteriole would constrict.

c. The Afferent arteriole would not respond.

b. The Afferent arteriole would constrict

Which of the following would increase renin secretion?

Select one:

a. Decreased glomerular filtration

b. Increased glomerular filtration

a. Decreased glomerular filtration

The symptom shared by diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus is

Select one:

a. Increased blood sugar

b. Decreased blood sugar

c. Increased ATP formation

d. Increased urine production

e. Decreased urine production

d. Increased urine production

Many choice Which of the following is disrupted in diabetes mellitus?

Select one or more:

a. The amount of water that moves by osmosis from the filtrate to the blood

b. Glucose concentration in the blood

c. Glucose concentration in the filtrate

a. The amount of water that moves by osmosis from the filtrate to the blood

b. Glucose concentration in the blood

c. Glucose concentration in the filtrate

If ADH levels are high, you would expect the concentration of urine to be close to

Select one:

a. The concentration of fluid in the superficial cortex

b. The concentration of interstitial fluid deep in the medulla

c. The concentration of fluid at the junction of the cortex and medulla

b. The concentration of interstitial fluid deep in the medulla

Many choice: Which of the following moves substances between the blood and filtrate in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

Select one or more:

a. Facilitated diffusion

b. Active transport (either primary or secondary)

c. Hydrostatic pressure

a. Facilitated diffusion

b. Active transporter (either primary or secondary)