Planet Earth Chapter 2 Review

mineral

mineral

naturally occurring inorganic, crystalline, solid that has specific chemical composition

a mineral has consistent and recognizable

chemical and physical properties

atom

the smallest unit of a substance
that retains the properties of that element

element

a substance that cannot be
broken down to other substances by ordinary
chemical reactions

proton
neutron
electron

+
neutral
-

molecule

the smallest unit of
a compound that retains the
properties of that substance

isotope

atoms of an element with different
numbers of neutrons

ions

atoms or groups of atoms with
unequal numbers of protons and electrons, thus
having a non-zero charge

ionic bonding

involves the
TRANSFER of valence electrons from one
atom to another

covalent bonding

involves the SHARING of valence electrons

metallic bonding

electrons
flow freely throughout metals; results in
high electrical conductivity

what are the 8 common elements

Al, Si, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, K, O

what are the two common mineral types

most minerals are silicates (Si + O)

is ice a mineral

yes

silicon tetrahedra consists of

one silicon
4 oxygen

what are the types of silicate structures?

isolated tetrahedra
chain
double chain
sheet
framework

what is the criteria for it to be a mineral

naturally occuring
crystalline structure
specific chemical composition

what are the most common elements in the earth's crust

silicon and oxygen

ore minerals

minerals with commercial value

gemstones

prized for their beauty and hardness

what are the 5 mineral properties

color
streak
hardness
luster
crystal form

what are the other types of mineral properties

cleavage
fracture
specific gravity
magnetism
chemical reaction

what mineral fizzes

calcite

silica

a term for oxygen combined with silicon

silicate

substances that contain silica as part of their chemical formula.

silicon

an element

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

four-sided, pyramidal object that visually represents the four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom; the basic building block of silicate minerals. Also called silicate tetrahedron.

What are the three most common elements (by number approximate percentage) in the Earth's crust?

oxygen -> silicon -> aluminum

what are the next 5 common elements

Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is a

a. atom
b. element
c. molecule
d. compound

b

the subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the

a. proton
b. neutron
c. electron

a

atoms containing different number of neutrons but the same number of protons are called

a. compounds
b. ions
c. elements
d. isotopes

d

atoms with either a positive or negative charge are called

a. compounds
b. ions
c. elements
d. isotopes

b

the bonding between Cl and Na in halite is

a. ionic
b. covalent
c. metallic
d. male

a

which is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

a. the atoms of the tetrahedron are strongly bonded together
b. it has a net negative charge
c. the formula is SiO4
d. it has four silicon atoms

D

which is not a type of silicate structure?

a. isolated
b. single chain
c. double chain
d. sheet
e. framework
f. pentagonal

f

the most common mineral in in the earth's crust is

a. quartz
b. feldspar
c. pyroxene
d. amphibole
e. biotite

B

On Moh's hardness scale ordinary window glass has a hardness of about

a. 2-3
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
d. 7-8

C

the ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called

a. fracture
b. crystal form
c. hardness
d. cleavage

cleavage

striations are associated with

a. quartz
b. mica
c. potassium feldspar
d. plagioclase

D

Glass is

a. atoms randomly arranged
b. minerals
c. ionically bonded
d. covalently bonded

a

crystalline substances are always

a. ionically bonded
b. minerals
c. made of repeating patterns of atoms
d. made of glass

C