Planet Earth Chapter 2 Review

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42 Terms

1

mineral

naturally occurring inorganic, crystalline, solid that has specific chemical composition

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2

a mineral has consistent and recognizable

chemical and physical properties

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3

atom

the smallest unit of a substance
that retains the properties of that element

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4

element

a substance that cannot be
broken down to other substances by ordinary
chemical reactions

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5

proton
neutron
electron

+
neutral
-

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6

molecule

the smallest unit of
a compound that retains the
properties of that substance

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7

isotope

atoms of an element with different
numbers of neutrons

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8

ions

atoms or groups of atoms with
unequal numbers of protons and electrons, thus
having a non-zero charge

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9

ionic bonding

involves the
TRANSFER of valence electrons from one
atom to another

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10

covalent bonding

involves the SHARING of valence electrons

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11

metallic bonding

electrons
flow freely throughout metals; results in
high electrical conductivity

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12

what are the 8 common elements

Al, Si, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, K, O

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13

what are the two common mineral types

most minerals are silicates (Si + O)

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14

is ice a mineral

yes

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15

silicon tetrahedra consists of

one silicon
4 oxygen

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16

what are the types of silicate structures?

isolated tetrahedra
chain
double chain
sheet
framework

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17

what is the criteria for it to be a mineral

naturally occuring
crystalline structure
specific chemical composition

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18

what are the most common elements in the earth's crust

silicon and oxygen

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19

ore minerals

minerals with commercial value

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20

gemstones

prized for their beauty and hardness

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21

what are the 5 mineral properties

color
streak
hardness
luster
crystal form

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22

what are the other types of mineral properties

cleavage
fracture
specific gravity
magnetism
chemical reaction

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23

what mineral fizzes

calcite

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24

silica

a term for oxygen combined with silicon

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25

silicate

substances that contain silica as part of their chemical formula.

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26

silicon

an element

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27

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

four-sided, pyramidal object that visually represents the four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom; the basic building block of silicate minerals. Also called silicate tetrahedron.

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28

What are the three most common elements (by number approximate percentage) in the Earth's crust?

oxygen -> silicon -> aluminum

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29

what are the next 5 common elements

Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg

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30

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is a

a. atom
b. element
c. molecule
d. compound

b

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31

the subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the

a. proton
b. neutron
c. electron

a

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32

atoms containing different number of neutrons but the same number of protons are called

a. compounds
b. ions
c. elements
d. isotopes

d

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33

atoms with either a positive or negative charge are called

a. compounds
b. ions
c. elements
d. isotopes

b

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34

the bonding between Cl and Na in halite is

a. ionic
b. covalent
c. metallic
d. male

a

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35

which is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

a. the atoms of the tetrahedron are strongly bonded together
b. it has a net negative charge
c. the formula is SiO4
d. it has four silicon atoms

D

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36

which is not a type of silicate structure?

a. isolated
b. single chain
c. double chain
d. sheet
e. framework
f. pentagonal

f

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37

the most common mineral in in the earth's crust is

a. quartz
b. feldspar
c. pyroxene
d. amphibole
e. biotite

B

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38

On Moh's hardness scale ordinary window glass has a hardness of about

a. 2-3
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
d. 7-8

C

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39

the ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called

a. fracture
b. crystal form
c. hardness
d. cleavage

cleavage

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40

striations are associated with

a. quartz
b. mica
c. potassium feldspar
d. plagioclase

D

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41

Glass is

a. atoms randomly arranged
b. minerals
c. ionically bonded
d. covalently bonded

a

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42

crystalline substances are always

a. ionically bonded
b. minerals
c. made of repeating patterns of atoms
d. made of glass

C

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