Temperature and Thermal Expansion

Flashcards from lecture notes on temperature, thermal expansion, and thermodynamics principles.

Temperature

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Thermal Energy

Energy that comes from the temperature of matter; it comes from the movement of particles in an object.

Thermal Equilibrium

The state in which two bodies in contact do not exchange energy; they have reached the same temperature.

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature, 0 K, where all molecular motion stops.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

A measure of how much a material expands per degree of temperature increase.

Thermal Expansion

The increase in size or volume of a substance as its temperature increases.

Fahrenheit Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 32°F and boiling point is 212°F.

Celsius Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.

Kelvin Scale

An absolute temperature scale starting from absolute zero, where 0 K equals -273.15°C.

Thermal Stress

Mechanical stress that develops in a material due to temperature changes.

Ideal Gas Law

A relation among the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas, usually expressed as PV=nRT.

Avogadro's Number

6.02 x 10²³, the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

A theory that describes gases as composed of many particles in random motion.

Mole

A unit of measurement for amount of substance, defined as containing 6.02 x 10²³ entities.

Thermometers

Instruments used to measure temperature, based on the physical properties that change with temperature.

Heat Transfer

The process of thermal energy moving from a hotter object to a cooler one.

Temperature

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Thermal Energy

Energy that comes from the temperature of matter; it comes from the movement of particles in an object.

Thermal Equilibrium

The state in which two bodies in contact do not exchange energy; they have reached the same temperature.

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature, 0 K, where all molecular motion stops.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

A measure of how much a material expands per degree of temperature increase.

Thermal Expansion

The increase in size or volume of a substance as its temperature increases.

Fahrenheit Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 32°F and boiling point is 212°F.

Celsius Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.

Kelvin Scale

An absolute temperature scale starting from absolute zero, where 0 K equals -273.15°C.

Thermal Stress

Mechanical stress that develops in a material due to temperature changes.

Ideal Gas Law

A relation among the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas, usually expressed as PV=nRT.

Avogadro's Number

6.02 x 10²³, the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

A theory that describes gases as composed of many particles in random motion.

Mole

A unit of measurement for amount of substance, defined as containing 6.02 x 10²³ entities.

Thermometers

Instruments used to measure temperature, based on the physical properties that change with temperature.

Heat Transfer

The process of thermal energy moving from a hotter object to a cooler one.

Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact between particles, without macroscopic movement of the material itself.

Convection

Heat transfer involving the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) carrying thermal energy.

Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, which does not require a medium.

Temperature

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Thermal Energy

Energy that comes from the temperature of matter; it comes from the movement of particles in an object.

Thermal Equilibrium

The state in which two bodies in contact do not exchange energy; they have reached the same temperature.

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature, 0 K, where all molecular motion stops.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

A measure of how much a material expands per degree of temperature increase.

Thermal Expansion

The increase in size or volume of a substance as its temperature increases.

Fahrenheit Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 32°F and boiling point is 212°F.

Celsius Scale

A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.

Kelvin Scale

An absolute temperature scale starting from absolute zero, where 0 K equals -273.15°C.

Thermal Stress

Mechanical stress that develops in a material due to temperature changes.

Ideal Gas Law

A relation among the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas, usually expressed as PV=nRT.

Avogadro's Number

6\.02 x 10²³, the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

A theory that describes gases as composed of many particles in random motion.

Mole

A unit of measurement for amount of substance, defined as containing 6.02 x 10²³ entities.

Thermometers

Instruments used to measure temperature, based on the physical properties that change with temperature.

Heat Transfer

The process of thermal energy moving from a hotter object to a cooler one.

Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact between particles, without macroscopic movement of the material itself.

Convection

Heat transfer involving the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) carrying thermal energy.

Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, which does not require a medium.

Ideal Gas Law Formula

$$PV=nRT$$

Where $P$ is pressure, $V$ is volume, $n$ is the number of moles, $R$ is the ideal gas constant, and $T$ is temperature.

Linear Thermal Expansion Formula

$$\Delta L = L_0 \alpha \Delta T$$

Where $\Delta L$ is the change in length, $L_0$ is the original length, $\alpha$ is the coefficient of linear expansion, and $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

$$T<em>F = \frac{9}{5}T</em>C + 32$$

Where $T<em>F$ is temperature in Fahrenheit and $T</em>C$ is temperature in Celsius.

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion

$$T<em>C = \frac{5}{9}(T</em>F - 32)$$

Where $T<em>C$ is temperature in Celsius and $T</em>F$ is temperature in Fahrenheit.

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

$$T<em>K = T</em>C + 273.15$$

Where $T<em>K$ is temperature in Kelvin and $T</em>C$ is temperature in Celsius.

Kelvin to Celsius Conversion

$$T<em>C = T</em>K - 273.15$$

Where $T<em>C$ is temperature in Celsius and $T</em>K$ is temperature in Kelvin.