Reform Movements to Civil War Flashcards

Flashcards of key vocabulary and concepts from the Reform Movements Era through the Civil War.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon Church who ran for president.

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

United separate African American Churches.

Maine Law

Law passed by Neal Dow to restrict the sale of alcohol.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer for the separation of the mentally ill from criminals.

Temperance Movement

Social movement against alcohol and its effects on society and families.

Henry David Thoreau

Author of Civil Disobedience.

Sabbath Reform Movement

Sought government recognition of Sunday as a rest day.

Charles Grandison Finney

Evangelist preacher encouraging people to embrace religion.

Horace Mann

Creator of the State Board of Education, supported free public schools.

American Spelling Book

Popular school book by Noah Webster.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist, former enslaved woman, known for powerful speeches.

Freedman

A former slave.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Revivals

Events by Protestant preachers during the Second Great Awakening.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Unitarian ex-minister, writer of The Dial.

Nat Turner

Led a slave revolt resulting in 60 deaths.

Underground Railroad

Secret routes to help slaves escape.

Millennialism

Belief in Christ’s second coming after 1000 years of glory.

Liberia

African colony created to relocate African Americans.

William Lloyd Garrison

Founder of The Liberator, opposed slavery.

Amelia Bloomer

Author of The Lily, advocated for women’s rights (including clothing reform).

Woman’s Movement

Sought greater rights and opportunities for women.

Married Women’s Property Act

NY law granting women property rights.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in Temperance and Abolition movements; fought for women’s suffrage.

Anti-Slavery Society

Society of 150,000 people founded by Garrison.

Moral Suasion

Using moral arguments to bring change.

Matrilineal

Inheriting family names and property through the female line.

John C. Calhoun

Southern politician who defended slavery.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave, advisor to Lincoln, abolitionist speaker.

Gag Rule

Law banning discussion of slavery in Congress.

Abolition (Anti-Slavery) Movement

Reform movement to end slavery in the U.S.

Brook Farm

Near Boston; founded by George Ripley; combined physical and intellectual labor.

New Harmony

In Indiana; founded by Robert Owen; \"industrious & well-disposed.\"

Shakers

Believed in Christ’s Second Coming; practiced celibacy.

Denmark Vesey

Planned a major slave revolt; was executed.

Angelina Grimké

Abolitionist writer.

Sarah Grimké

Abolitionist writer, sister of Angelina.

Catherine Beecher

Advocate for women's education.

Emma Willard

Established the first school for women's higher education.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

Covered wagons

Were essential for long overland journeys.

Oregon Trail

Settlers heading to Oregon Territory.

Santa Fe Trail

Trade route to New Mexico.

Whitmans

Missionary couple who moved to Oregon to convert Native Americans but were killed after a measles outbreak.

Navajos

Lived in New Mexico and Arizona; known for herding and weaving; resisted and suffered under U.S. expansion.

Pueblos

Peaceful farmers in adobe villages; experienced cultural blending with Spanish and Mexican settlers.

Apaches

Skilled raiders and guerilla fighters, clashed with Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. settlers.

Comanches

Powerful horsemen; dominated the southern Plains and fiercely resisted American encroachment.

Tejanos

Supported independence but were later discriminated against.

Anglo-Texans

White Americans who brought slavery and U.S. culture to Texas.

James K. Polk

Wanted to fulfill Manifest Destiny.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

U.S. gets: CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, TX, and parts of CO, WY, KS, OK.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. buys southern AZ and NM for $10 million.

Bear Flag Republic (1846)

California briefly declared independence from Mexico before joining the U.S.

Forty-Niners

Rush to California for gold.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Proposed law by David Wilmot to ban slavery in any territory won from Mexico.

Mariano Vallejo

Wealthy Californio (Mexican landowner in California).

Main General of the Union

Ulysses S. Grant (later)

Main General of the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee

Union Goals

Preserve the Union and Abolish slavery (after 1863)

Confederate Goals

Gain independence and Protect slavery and \"states’ rights\"

The Anaconda Plan

Blockade Southern ports to prevent trade. Gain control of the Mississippi River (split the South). Capture the Confederate capital (Richmond, VA).

Women During the Civil War

Took over farms, factories, became nurses (e.g., Clara Barton).

Economy After the Civil War

The North boomed; the South struggled due to blockades and destruction.

Slavery abolished

13th Amendment, 1865

Envagelical

style of worship meant to elicit powerful emotions.

revivalist

preacher who works to renew the importance of religion in america life.

who is one of the most important followers of emmerson?

Henry David Thoreau

Mormons

members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, known for their unique beliefs and practices.