Khrushchev

When did Stalin die

March 1953

Who was in a position of leadership upon Stalin’s death (3)

Khrushchev - Malenkov - Beria

Brief description of how Khrush became leader

Appointed his own allies high in the government - one opponent Beria was executed due to his personna of fear, leading the NKVD - Khrush’s position was improved as he launched plans for agriculture and then had very good harvest in 1954 and 1956 - Malenkov was forced to resign and replaced by a friend of Khrush

What speech was turning point

The Secret Speech

What reform policy did Khrush launch

De-Stalinisation

Who were Khrush’s parents

Ukrainian peasant farmers

Reform under de-Stalinisation (6)

Gulags opened and millions of political prisoners released - Stalingrad renamed Volgograd - NKVD replaced by KGB - reduced censorship on papers and literature, allowing government criticism (of Stalin’s government) - move back from one-person dictatorship to ‘collective leadership’ - dismantled Cult of Personality

Example of book criticising Stalin allowed to be published

‘A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch’

Example of book criticising Lenin not allowed to be published

‘Dr Zhivago’

Term for government system under Khrush

Collective leadership/one-party dictatorship

Khrush’s economic policy (5)

SYP - continued industrialisation - agriculture - increase in consumer goods - increase in tech, in the Space Race - decentralisation

How did Khrushchev decentralise the economy (2)

Regional Economic Councils established in 1957 with own control over economic development - 11,000 enterprises moved from central to regional control

When was the SYP launched

1959

Increase in coal production from 1950 to 1965

260 million tonnes to 500 million

Success of Russia in the Space Race (2)

First living thing in space (dog in Sputnik II) - first man in space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961

Khrush’s policy to agriculture (3)

The ‘virgin lands’ experiment in West Siberia and Kazakhstan - craze for maize - continued collectivisation

Increase in procurement price government paid for grain

25%

From 1954 to 1956, an additional ______ hectares of land was cultivated

36 million

Percentage of USSR’s grain produced in the virgin lands in 1956

50%

As part of the craze for maize, ______ million acres was planted + limitation

85 million acres + only 1/6 was harvested ripe

Private plots made up _____% of USSR cultivated land, but produced _____% of produce (limitation of continued collectivisation)

3% - 30%

Khrush’s changes to society (3)

Education - lives of peasants - lives of workers

Changes to worker’s living and working conditions (5)

Minimum living wage established in 1956 - average household income rose by 3% a year - 12 million homes built - quality of services and houses sacrificed for quantity - space per person increased from 5.8 m² in 1926 to 8.8 m² in 1961

Changes to lives of peasants (3)

Increased procurement price of grain by 25%, raising salaries - MTS abolished - passports and identification established, to allow free movement

How many homes did Khrushchev build in urban and rural areas

12 million in urban areas, 7 million in rural areas

Increase in space per person from 1926 to 1961

5.8 square metres to 8.8

How did Khrushchev reform education (3)

Increased number of children in preschool to 50% in urban areas and 10% in rural areas - abolished school fees - encouraged schools to accept more working class children

By _____, ___% of households owned a TV

1968 - 50%

Meaning of the Thaw

The relaxation of repression and censorship, particularly associated to the policies of De-Stalinisation and peaceful co-existence with the West

____ was the first year, where over ____% of the population lived in urban areas

1961 - 50%

Khrushchev policy to Jews (3)

Not allowed to practice religion - not allowed to leave the USSR - encouraged to live in the Jewish Autonomous Region

Example of violent repression of opposition (3)

1956 Hungarian Uprising - 1962 Novocherkassk Massacre - 1956 Tbilisi Massacre

Hungarian Uprising details (5)

1956 - Imre Nagy proposes to leave Warsaw Pact and Khrush orders troops to go in - 20,000 Hungarians killed and 1,500 soldiers - Imre Nagy executed and replaced by pro-Soviet

Novocherkassk Massacre details (3)

1962 - opposition to government-caused rise in prices - shot by troops, killing 24

Tbilisi Massacre details (3)

1956 - opposition to Secret Speech - 20 killed by troops

When were there good harvests, promoting Khrushchev’s agriculture policy

1954 and 1956

Decree ‘On the Rehabilitation of Deported People’ date

1957

What was the decree ‘On the Rehabilitation of Deported People’

Said those deported under Stalin could return to their homelands

When was the Warsaw Pact

1955

What was the Warsaw Pact

Promoted military cooperation between satellite states, increasing the control of the USSR

How did Khrushchev change the nature of government (4)

Reduced censorship - reduced repression - creation of ‘collective leadership’/one-party dictatorship - reducing bureaucracy