Bio chapter 5

Enzymes

________- proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.

Calorie

________- amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1° C.

Exocytosis

________- the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Osmoregulation

________- the control of water balance within a cell or organism.

Metabolism

________- the total of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Entropy

________- measure of disorder in a system.

Cellular respiration

________- process of chemical breakdown of food molecules.

Endocytosis

________- a cell takes the material in via vesicles that bud inward.

Hypertonic solution

________- has a higher concentration of solute (more solute, less water)

Hypotonic

________- has a lower concentration of solute (less solute and more water)

Calorific value

________- amount of energy produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel.

Osmosis

________- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Substrate

________- a specific reactant molecule (maltose, lactose, protein, starch, lipids, polypeptides)

Isotonic solution

________- equal concentration of solute (equal solute and equal water)

Active site

________- part of enzyme where the substrate binds.

Cell

________ membrane- controls the flow of materials in and out of a cell.

Chemical energy

________- released by a breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration and used to generate molecules of ATP.

Diffusion

________- the tendency of a molecule to move from higher to lower concentration.

Enzyme inhibitors

________- certain molecules that bind to an enzyme and disrupt its function.

ATP

________- stored energy from food and releases it later as needed.

Energy

________- the capacity to cause change.

Energy

the capacity to cause change

Kinetic energy

energy of motion

Potential energy

stored energy

Conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted

Heat

type of kinetic energy

Entropy

measure of disorder in a system

Cellular respiration

process of chemical breakdown of food molecules

Calorie

amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1° C

Calorific value

amount of energy produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel

Food calories

measures of energy a food can produce in the body; measured in kilocalories

1 Kcal

1,000 calories

Chemical energy

released by a breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration and used to generate molecules of ATP

ATP

stored energy from food and releases it later as needed

Structure of ATP

adenosine + triphosphate ➡️ adenosine + diphosphate

Metabolism

the total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

Activation energy

activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction

Substrate

a specific reactant molecule (maltose, lactose, protein, starch, lipids, polypeptides)

Induced fit

when an enzyme recognizes a substrate, puts it in the active site and it changes shape slightly

Active site

part of enzyme where the substrate binds

Enzyme inhibitors

certain molecules that bind to an enzyme and disrupt its function

Cell membrane

controls the flow of materials in and out of a cell

selectively-permeable membrane

permeable to lipid soluble and small molecules; allows some substances to go through more easily than others

Transport proteins

helps molecules pass through the cell membrane

Passive transport

doesnt require energy to transport, substances diffuse from high to low concentration, may require channel proteins (transport proteins) to move larger molecules; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active transport

requires energy to transport molecules, substances diffuse from low to high concentration, requires carrier proteins to move molecules

Diffusion

the tendency of a molecule to move from higher to lower concentration

Facilitates diffusion

substances being transported via transport proteins; type of passive transport

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic solution

has a higher concentration of solute (more solute, less water)

Hypotonic

has a lower concentration of solute (less solute and more water)

Isotonic solution

equal concentration of solute (equal solute and equal water)

Osmoregulation

the control of water balance within a cell or organism

Exocytosis

the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

a cell takes the material in via vesicles that bud inward