Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, Etc. (Cram)

Aminoglycosides are broad spectrum antibiotics, but are they generally used against gram positive or gram negative infections?

Gram–negative

Note: Also they are ineffective against anaerobes, unlike lincosamides which are effective against anaerobes

True or false: Aminoglycosides are all given orally

False. They are NOT usually orally, because they are not readily absorbed from the GIT

Fill in the blank: Aminoglycosides are _____-toxic and ____-toxic because they tend to accumulate at these sites.

nephro, oto

Note: Because of nephrotoxicity, use of aminoglycosides is restricted to animals with good kidney function

Which aminoglycoside is used in large animals, small animals, and exotic species in injectable, topical, otic, intra–uterine, and ophthalmic forms?

Gentamicin

Note: Known to be especially potent against E.coli infections

Which aminoglycoside is unique because it can be used orally?

Neomycin

Which aminoglycoside used to be available in an injectable and oral forms (frequently with lincomycin) but is not commonly available now

Spectinomycin

Which aminoglycoside is available as an intra–uterine infusion for horse. But very little is absorbed in this form

Amikacin

Which aminoglycoside is available as an ophthalmic solution or ointment (human) with or without dexamethasone

Tobramycin

Which aminoglycoside is an older aminoglycoside, usually only found in combinations with other anti–microbials. Like neomycin it can be given in an oral format

Streptomycin

True or false: Fluoroquinolones tend to be prefered over other antibiotics as a first choice because they are generally cheaper

False. They are generally more expensive. They are very effective. They are often used once other antibiotics have failed

What age of dogs should fluoroquinolones not be given to?

Rapidly growing young dogs. They will affect cartilage in joints

Which fluoroquinolone is injectable and approved for dogs, cattle, and swine (SQ) but is used in almost every species including birds (IM). A tablet form is approved for use in cats and dogs but is also used in other species

Enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin is generally a very safe drug, but what are its two side effects?

1. Irriation at injection site
2. Vomiting

Note: Like other fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin is NOT safe for young dogs. But it's also not safe for pregnant cats

Which fluoroquinolone is a human drug, available in ophthalmic and oral formats

Ciprofloxacin

Which fluoroquinolone is very similar to enrofloxacin, except it is only available in tablet form, and only needs to be administered once daily (dogs and cats)

Orbifloxacin

Which fluoroquinolone is for cats & dogs? It is very similar to orbifloxacin (same SID administration). It is also an injectable product for bovine respiratory disease

Marbofloxacin

Which fluoroquinolone is for use in dogs (once daily tablets) or oral solution (cats, oral solution only)?

Pradofloxacin

Which fluoroquinolone is injectable, for use in cattle with respiratory infections. It is given in 2 treatments 48 hours apart SQ. It is intended for animals that have not responded to other antibiotics

Danofloxacin

What are the two routes macrolides should not be given due to adverse effects?

1. PO (GI upset)
2. IM (very painful)

Most antibiotics are metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys, how are macrolides unique in their excretion?

They are excreted mostly unchanged in the bile

Which macrolide is mostly used in food–producing animals (including fowl) as a mastitis infusion, or feed/water additive? A human product is also available as capsules for use in dogs and cats

Erythromycin

Which macrolide is approved only for sub–cutaneous injection, and ONLY in cattle and lambs for treatment of pneumonia?

Tilmicosin

Note: It is potentially fatal if injected IV. Aspirate!

True or false: Tilmicosin, despite being approved for cattle and lambs only, is often used in pigs extralabel

False. It is fatally toxic to swine (and humans if accidentally injected)

Which macrolide is available as a feed or water additive in cattle, swine, and fowl. Also in injectable form and hormone implants. It is also available in tablet form for dogs and cats

Tylosin

Which macrolide is a fairly new drug intended for treating respiratory disease in cattle and swine?

Tulathromycin

Which macrolide is very similar to tulathromycin though approved only for SQ in cattle?

Gamithromycin

Which macrolide is used SQ in cattle for respiratory disease, and must NOT be given to swine (similarily to tilmicosin)?

Tildipirosin

What are two macrolides that are human drugs but are used on animals? These are 2nd and 3rd generation erythromycins with many of the unpleasant side effects removed & much broader spectrum of activity

1. Clarithromycin
2. Azithromycin

Which group of antibiotics is unique because it may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal, depending on concentrations in the tissues?

Lincosamides

Which lincosamide is available as a feed additive (for swine pneumonia and dysentery), as a soluble powder to mix in water (for enteritis in swine and chickens), and as an injectable (for arthritis and dysentery in swine)?

Lincomycin

Which two types of animals should lincomycin NOT be given to?

1. Ruminants
2. Cecants

Note: It destroys rumen microbes. As well as causing vomiting and diarrhea in monogastrics

What type of animal should clindamycin NOT be given to?

Exotics (caged pet animals like rodents and rabbits)

What catagory of antibiotic is actually two antibiotics combined. It is limited to topical preparations

Polymixin B/Bacitracin

Fill in the blank: Polymixin B/bacitracin if given parenterally can cause ____-toxicity and ____-toxicity.

nephro, neuro

Other than lincosamides, which is the only other antibiotic that is effective against anaerobes?

Chloramphenicol

Note: Also effective against chlamydia

Fill in the blank: Cloramphenicol is known for being able to achieve good concentration in ______-filled organs, like the CNS, eyes, and prostate.

fluid

What does cloramphenicol cause in humans that makes them completely banned from use in food–producing animals?

Non-regenerative aplastic anemia

Similar to oxytetracycline, ophthalmic preparations of chloramphenicol can treat what condition in small animals?

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

What antibiotic is approved only for IM and SQ use in cattle, and IM use in swine. It is used to treat footrot, respiratory tract infections, and pinkeye

Florfenicol