MODULE 6: ADOLESCENCE

Adolescence

ages from 10-12 and 18-21 years old. It is a time of rebellion, crisis, and deviance. As well as a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out place in the world.

Storm-and-Stress

In this Stanley Hall states that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood changes.

Puberty

a brain-neuroendocrine process that provides stimulation for the rapid physical change that happens during adolescence.

menarche

a girl’s first menstruation

estradiol

a type of estrogen in girls associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development.

testosterone

a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

corpus callosum

it connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain. During adolescence it thickens and improves the ability to process information.

limbic system

this is where emotions and rewards are processed. It is the most completely developed in early adolescence.

Dopamine

it plays an important role in rewards seeking during adolescence.

Amygdala

the region of the brain that is the seat of emotions.

formal operational stage

in this stage adolescence think more abstractly, idealisticaly and logically.

deductive reasoning

analyzing thought from general to specific

inductive reasoning

analyzing thought from specific to general.

adolescent egocentrism

heightened self-consciousness of adolescents

imaginary audience

A belief that everyone is interested in them. As if they are the main actors and all others are the audience.

personal fable

a sense of uniqueness, invisibility, or invulnerability. I can make them believe that no one understand them and that they are invulnerable to dangers.

psychosocial moratorium

a gap between childhood security and adult autonomy.

vocational/career identity

career and work path that a person wants to follow.

political identity

whether the person is conservative, liberal, or middle-of-the road.re

religious identity

person’s spiritual identity

relationship identity

whether the person is single, married, divorced, and so on.

achievement, intellectual identity

extent which the person is motivated to achieve and is intellectually oriented.

sexual identity

whether the person is heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or transgender.

cultural-ethnic identity

which part of the world or country a person is from and how intensely the person identifies with his or her cultural heritage.

interest

kind of things a person likes to do, which can include sports, music, and hobbies.

personality

individual’s personality characteristics, such as being introverted or extroverted, anxious or calm, friendly or hostile.

physical identity

individual’s body image.

executive function

most important cognitive change in adolescence. It is consist of higher level of cognitive process linked to the development of prefrontal cortex.

Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual Process Model

states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive system which operate parallel.

verbatim

analytical (literal and precise)

gist-based intuitional

simple bottom-line meaning.

top-dog phenomenon

moving from being the oldest, biggest and most powerful student in elementary to being youngest, smallest, and least powerful in high school.

invincibility fable

feeling of adolescence that they are somehow immune to common dangers.

identity formation

a dynamic process that involves exploration and commitment to various aspects of an individual.

identity diffussion

individuals have not yet explore or made commitment to any particular identity domains.

identity foreclosure

have made commitments without exploring alternative options. Adopt what others do.

identity moratorium

actively exploring different identity options and are in the process of considering various commitments.

identity achievement

successfully navigated through exploration phase and have made firm commitments based on personal values, beliefs, and goals. Have clear sense of identity.

clliques

small group that has usually of the same sex and same age.

crowds

larger group and less personal. Adolescents are usually member of a crowd based on reputation, and they may or may not spend much time together.